5 Mineral substances

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
a) Wood ashes living(particularly recommended: Khaya senegalensis, Eucalyptus spp., Afzelia africana, Ceiba. pentranda, Parkia Africans), household ashes, ashes of rice glumes and manure.	Mixed with the stored produce: a) 3 parts of ash to 4 parts of produce for grain legumes. b) 1 to 1 or 1 to 2 in a volumetric ratio (ash / produce) for One can also treat walls of the storage container.	Development inhibitor. Movement in the produce is strongly limited. Mortality of pests because of injured articulations(Zacher effect), desiccation and obturating of respiration apertures.	Development stages of coleoptera on the grains, particularly bruchids and moths. No known effect against mites.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Mortality varies between 65 to 90°/O. Pests die between one to two weeks. Larvae inside the grains are not killed. Nevertheless, it will effect adults after hatching. Avoidance of penetration and oviposition on the surface of the produce.	There are differences between the types of wood ashes depending on their silicium content and their physical properties. One disadvantage is the high quantity of ashes which must be applied. Therefore, it should only be used for small amounts (seeds). Washing will partly clean the ashes from the produce, reduce decoloration and affected taste. Recommended for seeds because it does not effect germination capacity.	Entire African continent

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
b) Inert dusts: fine loamy minerals, laterite, dusts of loam, burnt lime [CaO] and quick lime	Dusts are mixed with the stored produce at a ratio of up to 50% Storage places are dusted and it is also used as a protective layer.	Mortality due to the same mechanical effects as described for ashes.	All development stages of pests living on the produce. Not known to be effective against mites.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good to very good depending on size and shape of the particles. Pests die within some days.	The quantity of application varies in function of the result (particle size). it is necessary to clean the product before consumption. inert dusts can also be used for techniques requiring an important technical equipment.	Arid and semi-arid areas. Efficiency reduced by humidity.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
c) Fine sand	Sand mixed with the produce in a volumetric ratio up to 40°/0 (filling up all empty spaces between the grains) or used as a protective layer of2 to7cm thickness.	Prevents the movements of of insects which die of desiccation due to injuries.	Cereal pests and bruchids; development stages living on the grains.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Satisfactory results can only be attained by combining the two methods: adding it to the produce and forming a protective layer. No efficiency against larva inside grains. It is only after hatching of adults that the following generation is inhibited.	Efficacy is generally limited to preventing the immigration of pests. Appropriate only for small amounts(e.g. storage in big jugs) because sand is a very heavy substance Screening and cleaning the produce is necessary before consumption.	All of Africa.