Traditional Procedures and Methods of Storage Protection (GTZ) 4 Substances of plant origin 4.1 Parts of green plants and powders 4.2 Powders from lignified plant parts 4.3 Powders from flowers, fruits or grains 4.4 Water extracts of plants 4.5 Vegetable oils

Traditional Procedures and Methods of Storage Protection (GTZ)

4 Substances of plant origin

4.1 Parts of green plants and powders

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
a) Fresh or dried leaves of Annona reticulata or other species of Annona	The leaves are mixed with the produce and, case of millet, used as a protective layer	These substances have repellent or in the (and larvicide) effects and discourage feeding. They also have in effects.	Broad field of eapplication: particularly in protection against bruchids in grain legumes and pests sorghum and millet storage. Also against Corcyra cephalonica (rice moth) and Anthrenus spp.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Very good protection for 3 - 4 months	Because this is an effective storage protection method, one can recommend a wider utilisation after some experimentation	The whole African continent.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
b) Dried whole or powdered leaves of Hyptis spicigera (hard simsim, nino, an-doka, kindi).	The leaves are mixed with the produce (3 g of powdered leaves / kg of produce). The leaves can also be placed between layers of produce (sandwich method).	The substances have a direct insecticide effect; in bruchids greatly reduced oviposition and hatching of larvae.	Bruchids (Bruchidae) in grain legumes and peanuts (Caryedon serratus). Other applications: pests in stored cereals. Also used against termites in stored millet.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good protection No indication concerning long term effectiveness	Appropriate for storage of grain legumes for 3 - 4 months. The concentration of active ingredients varies drastically depending on the provenance, the dosage used should differ correspondingly.	West Africa

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
c) Ground plants of Lantana camara and other Lantana spp.	Plants are mixed with the produce or put between the produce as protective layers(sandwich method)	Repellent.	Bruchids on grain legumes. Potato tuber moth(Phthorimaea operculella) in East Africa

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Length of protection can reach 6 months.	The frequency of this weed makes it easy to find. Wider utilisation can be recommended after some experimentation.	Nigeria and Central Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
d) Dried leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica or other species of (Melia); whole or powdered.	Sandwich method mixed with the loose produce of maize or rice, also -used as a protective layer to reduce the risk of reinfestation.	The active ingredients of the plant have a direct insecticide and repulsive effect which inhibits feeding activities and influence development Fungicide effects are also known.	Some pests of stored cereals and grain legumes; generally coleoptera.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
The result is inferior to that of neem (see 4.5). Effectiveness can last up to one year depending on the applied dosage.	The concentration of active ingredient varies greatly according to the provenance. Adding the leaves to the stored produce is the simplest way to use neem for protection. However, powder or the oil of neem seeds are preferable.	Originates from India, today used on the African continent.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
e) Dried whole or powdered leaves of Ocimum cannon (hoary basil).	Mixed with the stored produce according to the sandwich method.	The ingredient linalool has a direct insecticide and larvicide effect.	Pests of stored grain legumes and cereals, particularly against Zabrotes subfasciatus, Acanthoscelides obtectus Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae.

Effects on Target Organism	Remarks and particular	Region
Efficiency	Recommendation
High initial efficiency: (mortality can reach 100 % in 24 hours); duration of effect insufficient for long term storage; but there is no exact indication concerning the long term effectiveness.	Known in Nigeria as a traditional method of protecting certain stored produce. Recommendable with reservations because of the short duration of effectiveness.	Nigeria.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
f) Leaves of mint ( Mentha spicata) whole or powdered.	Mixed with the produce (cereals) at 0,5 to 2 per cent of the weight of cereal.	Due to the rapid death of pests during tests, one can assume insecticide effects.	Cereal pests; verified efficiency against Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil).

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Very efficient. During testing the average mortality of 5 oryzae reached 100 % after 24 to 96 hours		West Africa.

4.2 Powders from lignified plant parts

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
a) Ponder of the bark of African Mahogany(Khaya se- negalensis).	The dried and powdered bark is mixed with the produce (50 to100 g per kg).	Unknowns, thought to have insecticide effects.	Bruchids on grain legumes(particularly against Bruchus maculates on Vigna unguiculata).

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Medium to good protection for up to3 months storage.		Central Africa.

Product or	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target
Method			Organisms Pests
b) Dried rhizomes of(Acorus calamus), preferable as a powder, but also whole or as pieces.	The powder is mixed with the produce at 0,1 to °/0 of the produce weight.	Certain ingredients of the essential oils have an insecticidal effect, inhibit development and feeding activities, repulse and sterilise pests	Bruchids on grain legumes, pests of cereals (coleoptera and moths like Sito philus oryzae, Tro goderma grana rium, Corcyra cephalonica) primarily on rice and wheat. Not as effective against Tribolium spp.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Very good results. Long term effect greater than 6 months.	Acorus has long been known as a medical plant. Long term contact with high Concentrations could be dangerous to humans. The powder can be stored up to 2 months without loss of efficacy.	In all regions of Africa where Acorus is found.

4.3 Powders from flowers, fruits or grains

Product or	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target
Method			Organisms Pests
a) Powdered flowers of Chrysanthe- mum cinera- riaefolium (pyrethrum).	Storage areas and produce are powdered.	The ingredients (pyrethrins) have insecticidal effects (neurotoxic), repulse and inhibit feeding activities.	All kinds of pests. Comparatively good effect on Prostephanus truncates.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
High initial efficacy, but very limited long term effectiveness.	The active ingredient degrades rapidly because of sensitivity to light Useful where its knock down effect is desired. Take care during application; inhalation causes head aches, avoid all skin contact.	Countries of East Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
b) Powder from dried fruits of red pepper (Capsicum spp.) whole fruits or pieces of the fruit (fresh or dried).	The powder is mixed with the produce at different dosages; used as a protective layer. Dried pods are burned underneath granaries (fumigation).	The ingredients are efficient as a feeding insecticide, inhibit feeding activities, are a repellent and can be used to fumigate; bactericide effects evident.	Against rice and other cereal pests; also frequently used against bruchids on grain legumes.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good protection for some months.	Traditional method of the Aztecs against maize pests, today well knownthroughout the world. Efficiency is strengthened by mixing with ashes and inert dusts. Take care when handling the powder; it causes irritation mucous membranes! It influences the taste and smell of the produce	Entire African continent, especially West Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
c) Dried fruit of black pepper (Piper spp) whole or powdered.	The dried preparations are mixed with the	The ingredients of the pepper act as a contact and feeding insecticide, inhibit feeding activity, and have a significant bactericidal effect	Coleoptera and moths in stored produce.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good results for 3 months.	For protection of stored grain, legumes and rice against pests. Possible effect on taste and smell of the produce.	African countries with hot and humid climates.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
d) Powder from ripe, dried kernels of neem.	Between 0,5 to4 volume °/0 on and grain legumes. contained in all	Efficiency is the same as for leaves (4. 1.d). The active ingredients are coleoptera. parts of the plant, the highest concentration is in the kernels.	Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes; particularly

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good protection. Long term effectiveness can reach one year depending on dosage.	Differences in efficiency depending on the provenance of neem kernels must be considered for dosage. The germination capacity of seeds is not affected by the treatment.	Widely used on the entire African continent.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
f) Powdered grains of Annona spp.	0,5 to 2 grams on I 100g of grain legumes.	Efficiency is the same as 4.1 a.	Against coleoptera (particularly legumes) and moths (4 1 A)

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good protection for 3 to 4 months.	Recommendable because of its efficiency. Avoid getting powder in eyes as this is painful	Entire African continent.

4.4 Water extracts of plants

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
a) Water extract of pyrethrum flowers.	Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce.	Similar effect to the powder of the flowers (4.3a); insecticide, repellent and inhibitor of feeding activities.	All kinds of pests.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
High initial efficiency but short duration of effect.	No long term efficiency, only appropriate as a treatment when an immediate effect is required (4.3a).	East African countries.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
b) Water extract of neem kernels (25 to 50 g/l water).	Between 0,5 to5 °/0 on cereals and legumes.	The efficiency is described in 4.1 d.	Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes; particularly coleoptera.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good protection. Long term efficacy can reach one year.	Water extracts of neem are more concentrated than the neem preparations already mentioned. The toxicity and secondary effects on humans beings and animals have not yet been sufficiently tested.	Widely used on the African continent.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
c) Water extract of Crotolaria juncea flowers.	Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce.	Efficiency of a contact insecticide.	Cereal pests (Sitophilus spp., Prostephanus truncates).

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Protection inferior to those offered by extracts of neem, Annona or pepper. No valid experiences concerning long term efficiency.	Other species of Crotolaria are also used in traditional storage protection in Africa.	East Africa particularly in Tanzania

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
d) Water extract of red pepper fruit.	Spraying of the liquid on the container of the stored produce.	identical effects to the ones indicated in 4.3c.	Stored product coleoptera and moths.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Very good efficiency for three months.	For grain legumes and rice. Change of taste and smell is possible. humid climates	Countries with hot and

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
e) Watery extract of Annona spp. roots.	2,5% water extract from the roots.	Effects are indicated in 4. 1.a.	Large field of application (4. la)

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Very good efficiency for more than three months.		Entire African continent.

4.5 Vegetable oils

Product or	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target
Method			Organisms Pests
a) Peanut oil.	5 ml/kg of grain legumes.	Toxic effect on the eggs of Bruchids. because of asphyxia due to lack of oxygen. Larvae living in side the grains are not affected. Ovi position is impeded	Bruchids in grain legumes.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Protective effect can last up to 6 months.	Simple and cheap treatment of grain legumes. To ensure a successful treatment it is important to cover all surfaces of the grains equally. No negative effects on the taste because the oil does not become rancid during storage. No negative effect on germination capacity.	Entire African continent.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
b) Coconut oil.	5 to 10 ml/kg of grain legumes.	Similar effect to the one of peanut oil.	Bruchids in grain legumes.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Protective effect lasts 3 to 6 months. Mortality of adult bruchids reaches60 %	See remarks concerning peanut oil.	West and Central Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
c) Palm oil.	5 to 10 ml/kg of grain legumes. and legumes. coconut oil.	Similar effect to those of peanut	Bruchids m grain

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Protective effect lasts 3 to 6 months	See remarks concerning peanut oil. Be aware, intensive red color!	West and Central Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
d) Sesame oil. legumes.	5 ml/kg of grain	See peanut oil! legumes.	Bruchids in grain

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Protective effect lasts up to 6 months.	See remarks concerning peanut oil.	Entire African continent. .

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
e) Oil of ripe, dried neem kernels.	2 to 3 ml/kg for grain legumes and cereals. Follow local dosage experience.	One must add to the effects of the active ingredients mentioned in chapter 4.1 d the efficacy specific to the oil, similar to that of peanut oil.	Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes, particularly coleoptera.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
The average of efficiency is high (between 85 and100%). Long term effectiveness can attain one year depending on the dosage.	Neem oil has a bitter taste and becomes rancid during storage. One can reducethe negative effect on the taste by soa-king the produce in warm water for afew minutes. Nevertheless, for humanconsumption the use of peanut oil is pre ferable. Neem oil, which is free from fungus contamination, is basically non toxic. If fungus is present there is a risk of mycotoxins Neem oil is strongly recommended for seeds because	Widely used on the African continent

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
f) Shea Butter (Butyrosper- mum parkii). legumes.	5 ml of the melted butter per kg of cereals or grain	Comparable to the other vegetal oils mentioned. particularly coleoptera.	Pests of stored cereals and grain legumes,

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Long term effectiveness of about 4 months.	One can also use the residues from the production of shea butter.	Sahel.