2 Drying above the fire-place and fumigation

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
Drying and storing above a fire-place.	a) Drying above fire-place on platforms. b) Storing the unthreshed produce above the fire- place	Drying immediate- ly after harvest above fire kills pests and eliminates the the risk of reinfestation. Smoke and soot repulse pests partly.	All kinds of pests. Prostephanus truncates is the only exception mentioned.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
No integral protection. Not very, efficient at eliminating pests	Traditionally used in some countries, but this method has a doubtful effectiveness and only limited duration of efficiency. inside the grains!	Some countries of West and East	Africa.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
Fumigation using the smoke of green wood, leaves, or fruits of red pepper (Capsicum)	Fumigation of produce before storage (frequently used to store maize in husks)	Repulses pests.	All kinds of pests.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good immediate efficiency. No valid data available concerning long term effectiveness.	Because fumigation alters the smell and taste of treated produce, this method is only recommended if these modifications are wanted or acceptable. Avoid direct contact with the fume because it irritates eyes and respiration	Some West African countries.

Product or Method	Application	Mode of Action	Effects on Target Organisms Pests
Drying of the produce with bush dryers.	The hot air of a wood fire is guided the	Rapid drying with relatively high temperatures, pests threshed produce. are repulsed or killed.	All kinds of pests.

Effects on Target Organism Efficiency	Remarks and particular Recommendation	Region
Good immediate efficiency larvae inside the grains. No long term effectiveness!	The killing of pests is a secondary effect of drying. Requires important fuel inputs! No regulation of temperature: possible consequences on germination capacity and composition of the grain.	Frequent where sufficient wood is available.