VITA
 
 
               RENEWABLE ENERGY DICTIONARY
           
             DICCIONARIO DE ENERGIA RENOVABLE
       
          DICTIONNAIRE DE L'ENERGIE RENOUVELABLE
                     
             This publication was made possible, in part,
                    through the generous support of
                       the United States Agency
                     for International Development
                   and the United Nations Education,
                 Scientific and Cultural Organization
 
                              VITA
                 1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
                   Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
            Tel:   703/276-1800 * Fax:   703/243-1865
                  Internet:  pr-info@vita.org
 
 
 
Copyright [C] 1982 Volunteers in Technical Assistance
 
All rights reserved.  No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,
or any information storage and retrieval system without
the written permission of the publisher.
 
Manufactured in the United States of America.
 
Designed by Margaret Crouch.
 
Published by       
                             VITA
                1600 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 500
                  Arlington, Virgnia 22209 USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
        
 
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
 
Renewable energy dictionary
    Bibliography:  p. 479
    1.   Renewable energy sources--Dictionaries.   2.  Power
(Mechanics)--Dictionaries.  I.  Volunteers in Technical
Assistance.
TJ163.16.R48    1982    333.79   82-50309
ISBN 0-86619-161-5
 
 
                 PREFACE
 
  Soon after beginning a major program in
renewable energy in 1979, VITA (Volunters
in Technical Assistance) found that many of
the technical terms commonly used in renewable
energy literature were not understood
by many of the laypeople for whom the information
was meant.  VITA also realized
that it was no easy task to find definitions
for many of these terms.  There were
specialized glossaries for the various areas
of renewable energy, but there was no
one source devoted to defining renewable
energy terminology.  The Renewable Energy
Dictionary is designed to meet this need.
  This encyclopedic dictionary is comprised
of up-to-date and authoritative definitions
of terms used in renewable energy.   Definitions
are presented in the clearest and
most concise language possible without detracting
from their technical accuracy.
They are thoroughly cross-referenced for
ease of use.
  The terms that were selected for this
dictionary are primarily those not commonly
defined in their renewable energy context
in conventional dictionaries.   Some of the
terms are now considered to be archaic.
Mostly related to wind energy, they are included
because of their usefulness in developing
an overall understanding of the
field.
  VITA's 22 years in international development
and technology transfer have brought a
sensitivity to the need in developing countries
for technical materials in languages
other than English.  This dictionary is
translated into French and Spanish in an
effort to help meet this need.
  In addition to 1,000 entries in each language,
many with illustrations, the dictionary
includes comprehensive conversion
tables and a bibliography.
  Our research indicates that this is the
only published reference work of its kind
available.  We feel it is a significant resource
for those working with renewable energy
technologies and concepts.
 
 
              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
  No work of this scope and magnitude could
be completed without the assistance and
contributions of many individuals.   Along
with Dr. William Sorsby, our primary contributor,
we wish to acknowledge the invaluable
contributions made by VITA Volunteers
who gave their time freely to make this
book a reality.  Our deepest thanks go out
to:  Dr. Sam Baldwin, Thomas J. Beckman,
Richard A. Boettcher, Jean-Claude Bruffaerts,
Jerome E. Dobroski, George S. Erskine,
H. Speer Ezzard, Hal Finkelstein,
Dr. Peter B. Hammond, Robert W. Hawthorn,
James L. Hogan, and Dr. Norbert J. Kreidl.
  We also wish to thank the following members
of VITA's technical staff for their
reviews, contributions, and constant support:
John M. Downey, Alan Wyatt, Dr. Gary
L. Garriott, Stephen H. Hirsch, Fred Hopman,
William R. Breslin, Dr. William A .
Gross, Richard J. Fera, O. Christopher
Ahrens, Balla Sidibe, and Hector Reyes, and
research assistant Vandana Malhotra.
  Special thanks go to artist Christopher
P. Schmidt for the excellent illustrations.
  Finally, we acknowledge the editorial and
production contributions of Kristine
Stroad Ament, Julie Badger, Margararet
Crouch, Bonnie Duley, Gregory James, and
David Jarmul, who put the whole thing
together.
 
              TRANSLATIONS
 
  This dictionary was translated into
French and Spanish by Berlitz International
Translation Service.
 
<Select this link for French>      <Select this link for Spanish>
 
                         ENGLISH
 
                         INGLES
 
                         ANGLAIS
 
 
                HOW TO USE THIS DICTIONARY
 
This dictionary is thoroughly cross-referenced for ease of
use and to provide for the most thorough understanding of
each term.
  The terms are organized alphabetically in each language.
Each term is printed in bold type and capital letters.   The
term is followed by a parenthetical classification reference.
Some terms have more than one reference, which helps
to clarify the ways in which they can be used.   These references
are defined at the beginning of each language section.
  Some words within the definition are also in capital
letters.  These are words that are defined elsewhere in the
dictionary.  Subsequent use of these words within the same
definition is in lower case letters.
  At the end of each definition are translations of the
term itself into French and Spanish.   The preferred usage
is listed first, with secondary or less common usages following.
The preferred term is the one that appears in the
other language section.
 
For example:
 
                                                 Defined
   Term        References                         elsewhere
 
ABSORPTANCE  (sol) (meas).  The ratio between the SOLAR
  RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
  solar radiation that strikes it.
    F - absorptance; coefficient d'absorption
    S - coeficiente de absorcion
 
      Spanish
 
    French (preferred term first)
 
  Second reference
 
  This is a measurement (meas) term used in the field of
solar (sol) energy.  The term "Solar Radiation" is defined
in the "S" section of the dictionary.   The primary translation
of this term into French is "absorptance," though in
some French documents, the term "coefficient d'absorption"
may be found.  The translation of this term into Spanish is
"coeficiente de absorcion."
 
                  DEFINITION OF ABBREVIATIONS
 
agri    Relating to agriculture.
 
alc     Alcohol production or alcohol fuels.
 
ani     Relating to animal power.
 
arc     Archaic.   Terms that are outdated but are still
        useful.
 
auto    Relating to internal combustion engines or
        automobiles.
 
bio     Relating to the field of biological science or a
        biological substance.
 
biocon  Relating to bioconversion.  Includes methane and
        woodfuel.
 
chem    Relating to the field of chemical science or a
        chemical substance.
 
constr  Relating to construction methods, materials, and
        structures.
 
elec    Relating to the production and use of electricity.
 
fos     Relating to fossil fuels.
 
gen     General terms, which may apply to various areas of
        energy, particularly renewable energy technologies.
 
geo     Geothermal power concepts and applications.
 
heat    Relating to heating or the use of heat for space
        heating and to produce other forms of energy.
 
hydr    Relating to water and the application of water
        power.   Also closed hydraulic systems, which may
        use fluids other than water.
 
impl    Implement.  Tools, utensils, or devices that work
        in conjunction with other equipment.
 
meas    Measuring instruments, scales, or types of
        measurement.
 
ocean   Methods or devices for extracting energy from the
        ocean.
 
prod    Relating to producer gas.
 
refrig  Relating to refrigerants or methods of
        refrigeration.
 
sol     Relating to the field of solar energy.
 
wind    Relating to wind power or other aspects of air
        movement.
                                A
 
ABSORBENT (refrig).  The less VOLATILE of the two working
  FLUIDS used in an absorption cooling device.
    F - absorbant
    S - absorbente
 
ABSORBENT OIL (refrig).  A type of oil used in an absorption
  cooling device.
    F - huile absorbante
    S - aceite absorbente
 
ABSORBER PLATE (sol).  A dark surface that absorbs SOLAR
  RADIATION and converts it into heat; a component of a
  FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR.
    F - plaque d'absorption
    S - placa de absorcion
 
ABSORPTANCE (sol) (meas).  The ratio between the SOLAR
  RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of
  solar radiation that strikes it.
    F - taux d'absorptivite
    S - coeficiente de absorcion
 
ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER (sol).   An air conditioner
  designed to use a SOLAR HEATED liquid.  Such a system
  provides space cooling through use of ABSORBER PLATES,
  VOLATILE FLUIDS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, and CONDENSERS.
    F - climatiseur a absorption
    S - aire acondicionado por absorcion
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION (refrig).   A cooling system that
  uses heated liquid to activate the chilling process.
    F - refrigeration par absorption
    S - refrigeracion por absorcion
 
AC (elec).  Abbreviation for ALTERNATING CURRENT.
    F - CA
    S - C.A.
 
ACCELERATOR (impl).  A mechanism that controls the speed of
  a vehicle or other device.
    F - accelerateur
    S - acelerador
 
ACCUMULATION (gen) (elec).  The action of collecting or
  gathering.   In electricity, the charging of a BATTERY or
  the storage of electric POWER.
    F - accumulation
    S - acumulacion
 
ACCUMULATOR (gen).  A CELL, SOLAR POND, THERMAL MASS, or
  other device to store ENERGY.
    F - accumulateur
    S - acumulador
 
AC-DC
 
AC-DC (elec).  Pertaining to a device that will operate on
  either ALTERNATING CURRENT or DIRECT CURRENT.
    F - CA-CC
    S - CA-CC
 
ACETATE (chem) (sol).  A compound composed of the SALTS of
  ACETIC ACID or the acetylation products of acetic acid,
  such as CELLULOSE acetate.  Certain acetates can be used
  as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.
    F - acetate
    S - acetato
 
ACETIC ACID (chem).  An important raw material in the
  chemical industry.  It is a by-product of the DESTRUCTIVE
  DISTILLATION of wood.  It can also be obtained by oxidizing
  ALCOHOL.   The chemical make-up of acetic acid is
  [CH.sub.3]COOH.
    F - acide acetique
    S - acido acetico
 
ACID (bio) (biocon).  A compound that dissociates or separates
  in a water solution to provide hydrogen ions.  Acid
  forms a SALT when mixed with ALKALI, and is important in
  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.
    F - acide
    S - acido
 
ACID DIGESTION (biocon).  The "first phase" of BIOGAS production,
  in which complex molecules are broken down into
  smaller ones.
    F - digestion acide
    S - digestion de acido
 
 
ACID HYDROLYSIS (chem) (alc).   A chemical process that uses
  ACID to convert STARCH to sugar.  This is the "first
  phase" in ETHANOL production.
    F - hydrolysation acide
    S - hidrolisis de acido
 
ACROMETER (gen) (meas).  An instrument used to measure the
  density of gases.
    F - acrometre
    S - acrometro
 
ACTINOMETER (sol) (meas).  An instrument used to measure
  DIRECT RADIATION from the sun.
    F - actinometre
    S - actinometro
 
ACTIVE DRIED YEAST (alc).  YEAST that has been dried, but
  in which the yeast cells still can be activated.
    F - levure seche active
    S - levadura activa secada
 
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol).  Warming an interior space with
  heat collected mechanically through SOLAR COLLECTORS.
  The collection and distribution of this warm air requires
  additional external ENERGY to operate pumps,
  motors, valves, etc.
    F - chauffage solaire actif
    S - calefaccion solar activa
 
                                                AIR BRAKES
 
ADAPTED SEED (biocon).  INOCULUM used during the START-UP
  of a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been obtained from another
  digester with similar FEEDSTOCK composition and operating
  under similar conditions.
    F - germe adapte
    S - semilla adaptada
ADOBE (constr) (sol).  Sun-dried brick of clay and straw.
  Also the clay and soil used for making such bricks.
  Adobe is high in THERMAL MASS and is useful in low-cost
  building construction.
    F - adobe
    S - adobe
 
ADSORPTION (chem).  The process through which carbonaceous
  materials are able to compress and hold on their surfaces
  large quantities of gas.  Also, the physical adhesion
  of molecules to the surfaces of solids without
  causing a chemical reaction.
    F - adsorption
    S - adsorcion
 
AEOLIAN (wind).  (See:  EOLIAN)
    F - eolien, - ienne
    S - eolico
 
AEROBIC (bio).  Pertaining to micro-organisms that require
  FREE OXYGEN to live.
    F - aerobie
    S - aerobio
 
AEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon).   BACTERIA living on FREE
  OXYGEN that is derived from the air.  Aerobic bacteria
  break down ORGANIC MATTER during COMPOSTING.
    F - bacteries aerobies
    S - bacteria aerobia
 
AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION (biocon).   (See:  AEROBIC BACTERIA)
    F - decomposition aerobie
    S - descomposicion aerobia
 
AFFORESTATION (gen).  Forest crops established by purposeful
  planting on land previously not used for tree crops.
    F - boisement
    S - conversion en bosque
 
AFTERBURNER (gen).  An air pollution abatement device that
  removes undesirable organic gases through incineration.
    F - postcombustion
    S - quemador auxiliar
 
AIR BRAKES (wind) (arc).  Longitudinal SHUTTERS that are
  sometimes incorporated in PATENT SAILS to reduce the
  speed of SAIL rotation in strong winds.
    F - freins d'ailes
    S - frenos de aire
AIR DIFFUSER
 
AIR DIFFUSER (gen).  A device that delivers air into a room
  to mix with the room air.
    F - diffuseur d'air
    S - difusor de aire
 
AIRFOIL (wind).  A curved surface designed to create aerodynamic
  LIFT forces when air flows around it.
    F - voilure d'aile
    S - plano aerodinamico
 
<FIGURE>

10p06.gif (207x600)


 
AIR-GAS RATIO (chem).  The ratio of the air volume to the
  gas volume.   It can be adjusted to change the character
  of combustion.
    F - rapport air-gaz
    S - relacion de aire-gas
 
AIR HEATING SYSTEM (sol).  A SOLAR HEATING system, which
  heats air in a SOLAR COLLECTOR and uses the heated air
  as the HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM to the rest of the system.
    F - chauffage d'air, systeme de
    S - sistema de calefaccion del aire
 
AIR-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol).  A SOLAR COLLECTOR designed to
  use air as its HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM.
    F - capteur a air
    S - colector solar tipo aire
 
AIR VELOCITY (wind).  (See:  WIND VELOCITY)
    F - vitesse d'ecoulement de l'air
    S - velocidad del aire
 
ALBEDO (sol) (meas).  The ratio of the amount of light
  reflected by a surface to the light falling onto it.
    F - albedo
    S - albedo
 
ALCOHOL (chem).  A class of compounds composed of carbon,
  hydrogen, and oxygen, which occurs widely in nature and
  is used in solvents, antifreezes, chemical manufacture,
  and as a fuel.   Alcohol commonly is obtained by FERMENTATION.
  (See also:   BUTYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, and
  METHYL ALCOHOL)
    F - alcool
    S - alcohol
 
                                           ALKALINE BATTERY
 
ALCOHOL CONDENSER (alc).  (See:  CONDENSER)
    F - condenseur d'alcool
    S - condensador de alcohol
 
ALCOHOL STILL (alc).  (See:  STILL)
    F - alambic de distillation
    S - alambique de alcohol
 
<FIGURE>

10p07.gif (486x486)


 
ALCOHOL VAPOR (alc).  ALCOHOL in its gaseous state.
    F - vapeur d'alcool
    S - vapor de alcohol
 
ALGAE (bio) (biocon) (gen).  Fresh and saltwater aquatic
  plants, usually microscopic in size, but including seaweed.
  They are valuable in waste treatment, as a protein
  source for humans, as animal feed, and as a FEEDSTOCK
  for BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
    F - algues
    S - algas
 
ALKALI (chem) (biocon).  Any of various BASES, which neutralize
  ACIDS to form SALTS.  Bases are important in
  maintaining the chemical balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - alcali
    S - alcali
 
ALKALINE BATTERY (elec).  A BATTERY that uses sodium or
  potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, and nickel-oxide
  flakes and powdered iron or nickel-cadmium for its
  active plates.
    F - accumulateur alcalin
    S - pila alcalina
 
ALKANE
 
ALKANE (chem).  A general name for hydrocarbons of the
  METHANE series.
    F - paraffine
    S - alcano
 
ALTERNATING CURRENT (elec).  An electric current that periodically
  reverses its direction.  Generally abbreviated
  as ac.
    F - courant alternatif
    S - courriente continua
 
ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINES (auto).   Alternatives to the
  spark ignition and the diesel combustion engines.  Among
  the more developed designs are the GAS TURBINE and STIRLING
  ENGINES.
    F - substituts aux moteurs a combustion
    S - motores de combustion alterna
 
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (gen).   Sources of ENERGY
  different from those generally employed by a user.  The
  term usually refers to RENEWABLE ENERGY sources such as
  SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL POWER, HYDROPOWER,
  etc.   The use of alternative energy sources is attractive
  because of the [1] high price and limited availability
  of petroleum-based fuels; [2] the pollution that is
  associated with the burning of FOSSIL FUELS; and [3] the
  expense and dangers of nuclear power.
    F - sources d'energie de substitution
    S - fuentes alternas de energia
ALTERNATOR (elec).  A GENERATOR that changes mechanical
  ENERGY into electrical energy (ALTERNATING CURRENT) by
  the rotation of its ROTOR.  Alternators are used in motor
  vehicles to recharge and minimize the drain on the
  BATTERY.   They are also commonly adapted to be driven by
  WINDMILLS or by STEAM TURBINES and WATER TURBINES.
    F - alternateur
    S - alternador
 
ALUMINIZED MYLAR (constr) (sol).   A very strong, thin sheet
  of plastic material coated with aluminum.  Used as a
  reflective surface for SOLAR COOKERS.
    F - Mylar aluminise
    S - Milar aluminizado
 
AMBIENT (gen).  Referring to undisturbed environmental
  surroundings, particularly to air and temperature.
    F - ambiant
    S - ambiente
 
ANAEROBES (bio).  (See:  ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)
    F - anaerobies
    S - anaerobes
 
ANAEROBIC (bio).  Pertaining to micro-organisms that can
  live in an airless environment.
    F - anaerobie
    S - anaerobio
                                                 ANCHOR
 
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon).   BACTERIA, known as
  ANAEROBES, that can live in an airless environment by
  obtaining oxygen through the DECOMPOSITION of compounds.
    F - bacteries anaerobies
    S - bacteria anaerobia
 
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER (biocon).   (See:  BIOGAS DIGESTER)
    F - digesteur anaerobie
    S - digestor anaerobio
 
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (bio) (biocon).   The DECOMPOSITION of
  ORGANIC MATTER by ANAEROBIC BACTERIA.  This process
  involves ACID-forming BACTERIA and METHANE-forming
  bacteria.
    F - digestion anaerobie
    S - digestion anaerobia
 
ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION (bio) (biocon).   (See:  ANAEROBIC
  DIGESTION)
    F - fermentation anaerobie
    S - fermentacion anaerobia
 
ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon).   (See:  ANAEROBIC
  BACTERIA)
    F - organismes anaerobies
    S - organismos anaerobios
 
ANCHOR (wind) (impl).  A rod or stake driven into the
  ground, to which GUY WIRES for a WINDMILL TOWER are
  attached.
    F - ancrage
    S - ancla
 
<FIGURE>

10p09.gif (317x317)


 
ANDIRON
 
ANDIRON (impl).  Raised metal bars placed on a fireplace
  hearth to support firewood for burning.  Andirons allow
  air to pass under the burning wood for more EFFICIENT
  combustion.
    F - chenets
    S - morillo
 
ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas).  An instrument for measuring WIND
  SPEED.
    F - anenometre
    S - anemometro
 
ANGLE OF ATTACK (wind).  The angle between the CHORD of an
  AIRFOIL and the wind.  It is considered in WINDMILL ROTOR
  design.
    F - angle d'attaque
    S - angulo de ataque
 
<FIGURE>

10p10.gif (150x437)


 
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (sol).  (See:  INCIDENT ANGLE)
    F - angle incident
    S - angulo de incidencia
 
ANGLE OF REFLECTION (sol).  (See:  INCIDENT ANGLE)
    F - angle de reflexion
    S - angulo de reflexion
ANHYDROUS (alc) (biocon).  Free from moisture.  The term
  applies to oxides, SALTS, and other substances that do
  not contain water.
    F - anhydre
    S - anhidro
 
ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL (alc).  ALCOHOL that is almost completely
  free from water.  Alcohol must be ANHYDROUS to be mixed
  with gasoline to form GASAHOL.  Alcohol and water cannot
  be separated beyond 199.99 PROOF.  At that CONCENTRATION,
  they form an AZEOTROPE and vaporize at the same
  temperature.
    F - alcool anhydre
    S - alcohol etilico anhidro
 
ANIMAL-DRAWN (ani).  (See:  ANIMAL-POWERED)
    F - animal de trait
    S - traccion animal
 
                                              ASH BOX
 
ANIMAL-POWERED (ani).  Driven or impelled by animals.
    F - traction animale
    S - impulsado por animales
 
ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION (biocon).   The process of directly
  burning or obtaining ENERGY PRODUCTS from animal wastes.
    F - conversion des dechets animaux
    S - conversion de los desechos animales
 
ANNUAL LOAD FRACTION (sol) (meas).   That portion of annual
  heating that is supplied to a building by SOLAR ENERGY.
    F - part de la charge annuelle
    S - fraccion de la carga anual
 
ANNULAR SAIL (wind) (arc).  A ring-like SAIL with radial
  SHUTTERS.
    F - aile annulaire
    S - aspa circular
 
ANTICLOCK SAIL (wind) (arc).   A SAIL ROTOR that runs
  counterclockwise when observed from the front of the
  WINDMILL.
    F - aile a rotation positive
    S - aspa sinistrorsa
 
 
AQUATIC BIOMASS (biocon).  BIOMASS grown in fresh or saltwater,
  including ALGAE, seaweed, etc.
    F - biomasse aquatique
    S - biomasa acuatica
 
AQUEDUCT (hydr).  A CHANNEL or trough built to convey water
  For irrigation, to operate a HYDROPOWER plant, or for
  household use.   The water in aqueducts generally flows by
  means of gravity, although pumps may also be used.
    F - aqueduc
    S - acueducto
AQUIFER (hydr).  Any geological formation containing water,
  especially one that supplies the water for wells,
  springs, etc.
    F - aquifere
    S - acuifera
 
ARTICULATED WINDMILL (wind) (arc).   A WINDMILL constructed
  to provide maximum EFFICIENCY in winds of various speeds
  and from different directions.
    F - eolienne articulee
    S - molino de viento articulado
 
ASH BOX (heat).  A removable box below the GRATE in a WOOD
  STOVE or a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR that collects ash
  residue from combustion.
    F - cendrier
    S - caja de cenizas
 
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
 
ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR (elec) (wind).   An electrical GENERATOR
  that produces ALTERNATING CURRENT, matching an
  existing POWER source so the two sources can be combined
  to power one LOAD.  These generators are often used with
  WINDMILLS to provide power to buildings that already
  receive power from an electric utility.
    F - generateur asynchrone
    S - generador asincronico
 
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (gen).  The pressure exerted by the
  Earth's atmosphere at any given point, generally measured
  on a scale based on the pressure of air at sea
  level.
    F - pression atmospherique
    S - presion atmosferica
 
ATRIUM (sol).  An unroofed, partially roofed, or fully
  roofed courtyard or room in a dwelling, which allows
  sunlight to reach adjoining rooms.  It is often used for
  PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
    F - atrium
    S - atrio
 
ATTENUATION (alc).  The fall in SPECIFIC GRAVITY of the
  WORT during FERMENTATION.  This is caused by the weakening
  of BACTERIA or FUNGI in a CULTURE.
    F - attenuation
    S - atenuacion
 
AUGER (impl) (alc).  A rotating, screw-type device that
  moves material through a tube.  In ALCOHOL production, it
  is used to transfer grains from storage to the grinding
  site, and from the grinding site to the COOKER.
    F - vrille d'alimentation
    S - barrena
AUTOMATIC DAMPER (impl).  A device that automatically maintains
  the FLOW of hot or cold air into a room.
    F - registre automatique
    S - regulador de tiro automatico
 
AUTOMATIC TRACKING (sol).  The use of a device that allows
  SOLAR COLLECTORS to "track" or follow the sun during the
  day without manual adjustment.
    F - poursuite automatique
    S - aparato de seguimiento automatico
 
AUXILIARY GENERATOR (gen) (elec).   A small, engine-driven
  GENERATOR that supplements a RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER
  source.
    F - generateur auxiliaire
    S - generador auxiliar
 
AVAILABLE ENERGY (gen) (meas).   That part of the total
  ENERGY produced by a system that can be applied usefully.
  EFFICIENCY is a measure oF available energy.
    F - energie disponible
    S - energia disponible
                                             AZEOTROPE
 
AVERAGE WIND SPEED (wind) (meas).   The most common WIND
  VELOCITY over a specified period of time.
    F - vitesse moyenne du vent
    S - velocidad promedio del viento
 
AXIS (gen).  An imaginary line passing through the center
  of a body, about which the body rotates.  (Plural:   axes)
    F - axe de rotation
    S - axis
 
AXLE (gen).  A supporting member that carries a wheel.  It
  either rotates with the wheel to transmit mechanical
  POWER, or allows the wheel to rotate freely on it.
    F - essieu
    S - eje
 
AZEOTROPE (chem) (alc).  The chemical term for two liquids
  that, at a certain CONCENTRATION, boil at the same
  temperature.   For example, ETHANOL and water cannot be
  separated further than 199.9 PROOF because at this concentration
  they form an azeotrope and vaporize together.
    F - azeotrope
    S - azeotrope
 
                        B
 
BABO'S LAW (biocon).  A law stating that the VAPOR PRESSURE
  of a liquid is lowered when a non-VOLATILE substance is
  dissolved in it.  The pressure is lowered by an amount
  proportional to the CONCENTRATION of the solution.
    F - loi de von Babo
    S - ley de Babo
 
BACKPUFFING (gen).  The emission of smoke through cooking
  holes or other openings in a wood-burning or CHARCOAL
  stove.   It occurs when poor DRAFT in the CHIMNEY causes
  air to pass back down into the stove.
    F - retour de fumee
    S - contracorriente de humo
 
BACK STAYS (wind) (arc).  Support bars across the back of
  the SAILS of a WINDMILL.
    F - galhaubans
    S - soporte posterior
 
BACK WATERING (hydr).  The braking effect caused by the
  immersion in water of the lowest BLADES of an OVERSHOT
  WATER WHEEL.
    F - frein d'immersion
    S - remanso
 
BACTERIA (bio).  Any of numerous single-celled micro-organisms
  occurring in a wide variety of forms, existing
  either as free-living organisms or as parasites, having
  a wide range of biochemical properties.  Bacteria are
  necessary for DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.  (Singular:
  bacterium)
    F - bacteries
    S - bacteria
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION (biocon).   The chemical breakdown
  of ORGANIC MATTER by micro-organisms.
    F - decomposition bacterienne
    S - descomposicion bacteriana
 
BAFFLE (gen).  A metal plate or other artificial obstruction
  used to check or deflect the FLOW of FLUIDS.
    F - deflecteur
    S - desviador
 
BAGASSE (biocon).  The fibrous residue remaining after the
  extraction of the juice from sugar cane.  It may be used
  as a fuel.
    F - bagasse
    S - bagazo
 
BANCO (biocon).  (See:  LORENA STOVE)
    F - banco
    S - banco
 
                                                    BASES
 
BANKI TURBINE (hydr).  A WATER TURBINE with curved BLADES,
  GUIDE VANES, and a hallow interior.  Water passing
  through it propels the RUNNER both on entering and leaving.
  This turbine operates well under a wide HEAD range
  and FLOW rates.
    F - turbine de Banki
    S - turbina de Banki
 
<FIGURE>

10p15.gif (486x486)


 
BAROMETER (meas).  A device used to measure ATMOSPHERIC
  PRESSURE.
    F - barometre
    S - barometro
 
BASES (alc) (chem).  Compounds that dissociate in water
  solution to form HYDROXYL ions.  Bases react with ACIDS
  to form SALTS, and can be used to maintain the proper pH
   (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) balance in an ALCOHOL STILL.
    F - bases
    S - bases
 
BATCH DIGESTION
 
BATCH DIGESTION (biocon).  A process of BIOGAS production
  in which the material to be digested is loaded into the
  DIGESTER at the start of the process.  A SEED may also be
  added at this time.  The digester is then sealed and the
  contents left to FERMENT.  At completion, the digested
  SLUDGE is removed and the tank reloaded.  Daily gas production
  varies during the process.  It is slow at the
  start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of
  the DIGESTION cycle.
    F - digestion a charge initiale
    S - digestion por tandas
BATCH DISTILLATION (alc).  A batch DISTILLATION process
  of ALCOHOL production in which the material to be distilled
  is loaded into a STILL at the start of the process.
  The entire volume is heated and left to distill.
  At completion, the distilled MASH is removed and the
  still reloaded.  Daily alcohol production varies during
  the process.   It is slow at the start, increases, and
  finally declines toward the end of the distillation
  cycle.
    F - distillation a charge initiale
    S - destilacion intermitente
 
BATCH FEED (gen).  A DIGESTER or STILL in which ORGANIC
  MATTER is loaded, allowed to generate gas or FERMENT,
  and then removed.  The digester or still then is cleaned
  and prepared for a fresh load of BIOMASS.
    F - alimentation initiale unique
    S - alimentacion por tandas
 
BATCH-LOADING DIGESTER (biocon).   (See:  BATCH FEED)
    F - digesteur a chargement unique
    S - digestor de carga intermitente
 
BATCH PROCESSING (biocon).  (See:  BATCH FEED)
    F - traitement de charges uniques
    S - elaboracion por tandas
 
BATTERY (elec).  A group of two or more CELLS or ACCUMULATORS
  electrically connected in series or parallel.
  Batteries are used to store electrical ENERGY.
    F - batterie
    S - bateria
 
BATTERY CUT-OUT (wind) (impl).   An automatic switch that
  disconnects a BATTERY during its charge if the voltage
  of the wind charger falls below or rises above that of
  the battery, within certain limits.  A battery cut-out is
  a battery protection device.
    F - coupe-circuit de batterie
    S - interruptor de bateria
 
BEARING (gen).  A machine part that supports and guides a
  shaft, pivot, or wheel that slides, rotates, or oscillates
  in or on it.
    F - palier
    S - cojinete
 
<FIGURE>

10p17.gif (256x256)


                                                       BERM
 
BEARING ANGLE (sol).  (See:  SOLAR AZIMUTH)
    F - azimut
    S - marcacion
 
BEAUFORT SCALE (meas) (wind).   A scale of WIND VELOCITIES
  ranging from 0 to 12 as follows:
 
 
                       WIND VELOCITY
 
   Code Number       (mph)                 Description
 
        0         less than 1         calm
        1             1-3             light air
        2             4-7             light breeze
        3             8-12            gentle breeze
        4            13-18            moderate breeze
        5            19-24            fresh breeze
        6            25-31            strong breeze
        7            32-38            moderate gale; near gale
        8            39-46            gale
        9            47-54            strong gale
       10            55-63            whole gale (or storm)
       11            64-74            violent storm
       12           over 74           hurricane
 
 
    F - Beaufort, echelle de
    S - escala de Beaufort
 
BEER COLUMN (alc).  (See:  STRIPPING COLUMN)
    F - colonne a biere
    S - columna de cerveza
BERM (constr).  A manmade mound or small hill of earth
  built up against a house to stop the INFILTRATION of hot
  or cold air.
    F - banquette
    S - monticulo
 
BEVEL GEAR
 
BEVEL GEAR (gen).  One of a pair of gears used to connect
  two shafts whose AXES intersect.
    F - engrenage conique
    S - engranaje biselado
 
BICYCLE ADAPTER (gen) (impl).   A device that can be
  attached to a bicycle to supply POWER to pump water,
  generate electricity, etc.
    F - adaptateur de bicyclette
    S - adaptador de bicicleta
 
BICYCLE GENERATOR (elec).  A small GENERATOR that produces
  DIRECT CURRENT (dc) electricity through PEDAL POWER.
    F - generateur a pedalier
    S - generador accionado por bicicleta
 
BIOCONVERSION (chem) (gen).  The conversion of ORGANIC
  WASTE into ENERGY PRODUCTS through the action of micro-organisms.
  Chemically, this is the reduction of complex
  organic compounds into simpler, more stable forms.
    F - bioconversion
    S - bioconversion
 
BIOGAS (biocon).  The gaseous mixture produced during
  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, composed chiefly of METHANE and
  carbon dioxide.
    F - bio-gaz
    S - biogas
 
BIOGAS DIGESTER (biocon).  An airtight vessel in which
  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION takes place and from which METHANE
  may be drawn off.
    F - digesteur de bio-gaz
    S - digestor de biogas
 
<FIGURE>

10p18.gif (540x540)


 
                                                  BITUMEN
 
BIOGAS GENERATOR (biocon).  (See:  BIOGAS DIGESTER)
    F - generateur de bio-gaz
    S - generador de biogas
 
BIOGAS PLANT (biocon).  (See:  BIOGAS DIGESTER)
    F - reacteur de bio-gaz
    S - planta de biogas
 
 
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSION (biocon).   The use of BIOMASS
  to convert one form of ENERGY into another.
    F - conversion biologique de l'energie
    S - conversion biologica de energia
BIOMASS (bio).  Plants and plant materials, trees, crop
  residues, wood and bark residues, and animal manures.
  Any ORGANIC MATTER that can be used in BIOCONVERSION
  processes.
    F - biomasse
    S - biomasa
 
BIOMASS ENERGY (biocon).  The ENERGY that is released from
  BIOMASS when it is eaten, burned, or otherwise used as
  or converted into fuel.
    F - energie de la biomasse
    S - energia de biomasa
 
BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK (biocon).  The ORGANIC MATTER used to
  produce ENERGY PRODUCTS through BIOCONVERSION.
    F - biomasse d'alimentation
    S - alimento seco de la biomasa
 
BIOMASS FUELS (biocon).  Fuels, such as METHANE, produced
  from BIOMASS.
    F - combustibles de la biomasse
    S - combustibles de biomasa
 
BIOMASS YIELD (biocon) (meas).   The amount of BIOMASS that
  can be produced in a given areA.  It usually is expressed
  in weight units per area measurement per unit of time.
    F - production de biomasse
    S - produccion de biomasa
 
BIOMONITORING (biocon (meas).   A pollution-control method
  in which living organisms are used to test the EFFLUENT
  from a DIGESTER to determine whether it is safe to
  discharge the effluent into a body of water.  It may also
  be used to test the quality of waters downstream from a
  digester discharge point.
    F - controle biologique
    S - biocontrol
 
BITUMEN (fos).  Any naturally-occurring hydrocarbon, especially
  solid hydrocarbons such as asphalt, wax, pitch,
  and Gilsonite.
    F - bitume
    S - bitumen
 
BLACKBODY
 
BLACKBODY (sol).  A surface that completely absorbs all
  SOLAR RADIATION that strikes it.
    F - corps noir
    S - cuerpo negro
 
BLADE (hydr) (impl) (wind).  [1] The curved surface of
  certain types of WATER TURBINES (i.e., CROSS-FLOW
  TURBINES).   Water striking the blades causes the turbine
  to rotate.   Some turbines, such as the PELTON WHEEL, have
  cups instead of blades.  [2] A single, extended surface
  of a WINDMILL ROTOR.
    F - [1] aube; [2] pale
    S - [1] paleta; [2] aspa
BLADE ANGLE [1] (wind).  The angle of a CHORD of a WINDMILL
  BLADE with the ROTOR plane of rotation.  [2] (hydr).  The
  INCIDENT ANGLE of a TURBINE BLADE.
    F - [1] angle de pale; [2] angle d'aube
    S - [1] angulo del aspa; [2] angulo de la paleta
 
BORE HOLE (gen).  A deep, vertical hole in the earth.  Usually
  used to describe a well.
    F - trou de sondage
    S - pozo de sondeo
 
BRACE SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol).   (See:  INSULATED STEAM
  COOKER)
    F - rechaud a vapeur solaire Brace
    S - portahornillo de vapor solar Brace
 
<FIGURE>

10p20.gif (540x540)


                                               BREAST WHEEL
 
BRAKE (gen).  A device used to slow or stop motion, especially
  by contact friction.
    F - frein
    S - freno
 
BRAZING (gen).  A process by which two pieces of metal are
  joined using a nonferrous alloy with a lower melting
  point than either of the two metals being joined.
    F - brasage
    S - soldadura con laton
 
BREAST BEAM (wind) (arc).  The main lateral beam below the
  WIND SHAFT.
    F - poutrelle maitresse
    S - viga de costado
 
BREAST WHEEL (hydr).  A sophisticated type of WATER WHEEL
  into which water enters below the top of the wheel and
  is kept in the BUCKETS until being discharged at or near
  the lowest point on the wheel.  Breast wheels generally
  operate best with HEADS amounting to less than the
  diameter of the wheel.  High breast wheels (where the
  water enters above the center shaft) can approach 65
  percent ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY.  (Syn:   breast-shot
  wheel)
    F - roue de poitrine
    S - rueda de costado
 
<FIGURE>

10p21.gif (486x486)


 
BREEZE
 
BREEZE (wind).  In general, any light to moderate wind.
  (See also:   BEAUFORT SCALE)
    F - brise
    S - brisa
 
BREWER'S DRIED GRAIN (alc).  (See:  DISTILLER'S GRAIN).
    F - grains secs de brasserie
    S - grano seco de destilacion
 
BREWING MASH (alc).  Crushed or ground FEEDSTOCK mixed with
  warm water in preparation for FERMENTATION during the
  production of ETHANOL.
    F - mout de brassage
    S - mosto
 
BRINE (refrig).  A heavy SALT solution used in REFRIGERATION.
    F - saumure
    S - salmuera
 
BRIQUETTE (fos).  A type of fuel that has been finely
  ground and compressed in pressure molds.  It is usually
  made from low-grade coal, coke, CHARCOAL, or BIOMASS,
  and is mixed with a binder such as STARCH, tar, cement,
  pitch, or asphalt.
    F - briquette
    S - briqueta
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (heat) (meas).   The amount of heat
  required to raise the temperature of one pound of water
  one degree FAHRENHEIT under stated conditions of temperature
  and pressure.   It is a standard unit for measuring
  quantity of HEAT ENERGY.  Generally abbreviated as BTU.
    F - British thermal unit
    S - unidad termica britanica
 
BUBBLE CAP (alc).  A perforated cap on the plates of a
  DISTILLATION COLUMN, used to ensure that the vapor and
  condensed liquid mix thoroughly.
    F - cloche de barbotage
    S - casquete de burbujeo
 
BUBBLE CHAMBER (biocon).  A safety device attached to a
  BIOGAS DIGESTER to ensure that the gas is free of air,
  since an air and gas mixture would be explosive.  The gas
  is "bubbled" through a container of water before being
  used or stored.  If LIMEWATER is used instead of water,
  the bubble chamber can also be used to SCRUB the gas.  In
  addition, the bubble chamber serves as a SPARK ARRESTER.
    F - chambre a bulles
    S - camara de burbujas
 
BUCKET (hydr).  Cup-shaped containers or BLADES attached to
  a WATER WHEEL.
    F - auget
    S - cangilon
 
BUTYL ALCOHOL
 
<FIGURE>

10p23.gif (486x486)


 
BUCKET ANGLE (hydr).  The INCIDENT ANGLE of BUCKETS on a
  WATER WHEEL.
    F - angle d'auget
    S - angulo de los cangilones
 
BUCKET CHAIN (hydr).  A chain loop with BUCKETS attached to
  it at regular intervals.  The chain runs over sprocket
  wheels.   As each bucket passes by a water source, water
  fills the bucket, providing POWER and propelling the
  chain further along.
    F - noria a godets
    S - transportador de cangilones
 
BUFFER CAPACITY (biocon) (chem).   The capacity of a solution
  to resist pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) changes when
  small amounts of ACID or ALKALI are added.  In the case
  of DIGESTED SLUDGE, the ammonium and bicarbonate ions
  are mainly responsible for buffering.
    F - pouvoir tampon
    S - capacidad amortiguadora
 
BUTANOL (alc).  (See:  BUTYL ALCOHOL).
    F - butanol
    S - butanol
 
BUTYL ALCOHOL (alc) (chem).  An ALCOHOL obtained by the
  FERMENTATION of sugar or cornstarch.  The chemical equivalent
  of butyl alcohol is [C.sub.4][H.sub.9]OH.  (Syn:   butanol)
    F - alcool butylique
    S - alcohol butilico
 
                              C
 
C (meas).  Abbreviation for CELSIUS.
    F - C
    S - C
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (biocon) (chem).   A solution that is
  often used in BUBBLE CHAMBERS to SCRUB BIOGAS.  It is
  commonly known as LIMEWATER.
    F - hydrate de calcium
    S - hidroxido de calcio
 
CALORIE (gen).  The amount of heat required to raise the
  temperature of one gram of water one degree CELSIUS at
  ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
    F - calorie [1]
    S - caloria
 
CAM (gen).  An eccentric projection on a revolving shaft,
  shaped to produce variable or reciprocating motion in
  another contacted or engaged part.
    F - came
    S - leva
 
CANAL (gen) (hydr).  An artificial watercourse uniting
  rivers, lakes, or seas for purposes of inland navigation,
  irrigation, or conveyance of water to a HYDROPOWER
  device.
    F - canal
    S - canal
 
CANISTER (wind) (arc).  A piece of metal placed at the
  outer end of a ROTOR SPAR to hold the SAIL in place.
    F - douille
    S - chapa de fijacion
 
CAP (wind) (arc).  The revolving top of a TOWER MILL or
  SMOCK MILL.
    F - calotte
    S - cumbrera
 
CAPACITY FACTOR (elec) (meas).   The total KILOWATT HOURS
  of ENERGY consumed divided by the total KILOWATTS
  produced by an electricity-generating plant.  Generally
  calculated on an annual basis.
    F - facteur de capacite
    S - factor de capacidad
 
CAPACITY OF THE WIND (wind) (meas).   The total amount of
  dirt and dust particles of a given kind that can be
  sustained per unit volume of air by a wind of a given
  velocity.
    F - capacite du vent
    S - capacidad del viento
                                                  CELLULASE
 
CARBOHYDRATE (alc) (chem).  Sugars, STARCHES, CELLULOSE,
  and other similar compounds containing carbon, hydrogen,
  and oxygen only.  Carbohydrates are excellent FEEDSTOCK
  for an ALCOHOL STILL.
    F   -  hydrates de carbone
    S   -  carbohidrato
 
CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATIO (biocon).   The proportion of carbon
  to nitrogen in the material being placed in a BIOGAS
  DIGESTER.   This ratio is important for maintaining biogas
  production.   25:1 is the optimal C/N ratio.
 
                              Nitrogen             Carbon-Nitrogen
         Material             Content                   Ratio
 
      Cow dung                  1.7%                    25 to 1
      Poultry manure           6.3%                   No carbon
      Grass                     4.0%                    12 to 1
      Sheep manure             3.75%                  No carbon
      Urine                    15-18%                    8 to 1
      Wheat straw               0.3%                  128 to 1
      Potato tops              1.5%                    25 to 1
      Tomato                    3.3%                   128 to 1
 
    F   -  rapport carbone-azote
    S   -  proporcion de carbon a nitrogeno
 
CARBURETOR (auto).  A device for mixing and controlling the
  amount of air and fuel supplied to a gasoline engine.
    F   -  carburateur
    S   -  carburador
 
CASING (sol).  The framework housing the components of a
  FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR.  It is generally made of metal and
  lined with material for THERMAL insulation.  Inlet and
  outlet openings are provided.
    F   -  enveloppe
    S   -  envoltura
 
CATCHMENT APRON (hydr).  A projecting slope on the downstream
  side of a SLUICE or dam, which is provided to
  withstand the force of falling water.
    F   -  pente de captage
    S   -  plataforma colectora
 
CELL (elec).  A device that generates electricity, traditionally
  consisting of two plates or conducting surfaces
  placed in an electrolytic FLUID.
    F   -  element
    S   -  celula
 
CELLULASE (bio) (alc).  Any of several ENZYMES found in
  FUNGI, BACTERIA, and lower animals that cause CELLULOSE
  to break down in water.  These enzymes are needed for
  ALCOHOL DISTILLATION.
    F   -  cellulase
    S   -  celulase
 
CELLULOSE
 
CELLULOSE (chem) (alc).  The main POLYSACCHARIDE in living
  plants.   Cellulose forms the skeletal structure of plant
  cell walls and can be HYDROLYZED to form GLUCOSE.
    F   -  cellulose
    S   -  celulosa
CELLULOSIC BIOMASS (biocon).   BIOMASS that contains vegetable
  matter.
    F   -  biomasse cellulosique
    S   -  biomasa celulosica
 
CELSIUS (meas).  The international temperature scale in
  which water freezes at 0 [degrees] and boils at 100 [degrees].  To convert
   from degrees Celsius to degrees FAHRENHEIT, multiply the
  temperature in degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add
  32.   To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
  Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature
  and then multiply by 5/9.  Abbreviated as C.   (Syn:
  centigrade)
    F   -  Celsius
    S   -  Celsio
 
 
CENTIGRADE (meas).  (See:  CELSIUS).
    F   -  centigrade
    S   -  centigrado
 
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE (gen).  The inertial force repelling a
  body away from the center of the curvature of a curved
  path along which it is moving, or away from the AXIS
  around which it rotates.  The opposite of CENTRIPETAL
  FORCE.
    F   -  force centrifuge
    S   -  centrifuga, fuerza
 
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (gen).  A force attracting a body toward
  the center of the curvature of a curved path along which
  it is moving, or toward the AXIS around which it
  rotates.   The apposite of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.
    F   -  force centripete
    S   -  centripeta , fuerza
 
CHALK ADOBE (constr).  A method of making ADOBE bricks in
  which chalk is added to the clay, straw, and water.
  Chalk   adobe is useful as a THERMAL MASS.
    F   -  adobe a la chaux
    S   -  mezcla de adobe y creta
 
CHANNEL (hydr).  The bed of a stream or waterway.  (See
  also:   CANAL)
    F   -  chenal [1]
    S   -  cauce
 
CHARCOAL (fos) (gen).  A dark-colored or black porous form
  of CARBON made from vegetable or animal substances.
  Charcoal commonly is made by charring wood in a KILN or
  RETORT from which air is partially excluded.  It is used
  for FUEL, and in various mechanical, artistic, and
  chemical processes.  By using DISTILLATION and retorts to
  produce charcoal, several valuable products can be collected
  that would otherwise be lost, including COMBUSTIBLE
  GASES, CREOSOTE OIL, METHANOL, soluble tar, and
  combustible pitch.
    F   -  charbon de bois
    S   -  carbon
 
                                           CHIMNEY CAP
 
CHARCOAL GAS (prod).  (See:  PRODUCER GAS)
    F   -  gaz de charbon de bois
    S   -  gas de carbon
 
CHIMNEY (constr).  A vertical passage or FLUE through
  which smoke and gases escape from a stove or fireplace.
    F   -  cheminee
    S   -  chimenea
 
CHIMNEY CAP (constr).  A cone, usually made of sheet metal,
  placed pointed end up slightly above the top of a CHIMNEY.
  It prevents rain and debris from falling into the
  chimney.
    F   -  mitre
    S   -  sombrerete de chimenea
 
<FIGURE>

10p27.gif (486x486)


 
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER
 
CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon).   A BIOGAS DIGESTER that is
  primarily designed to produce fertilizer.  Usually a
  FIXED-DOME DIGESTER.
    F   -  digesteur type chinois
    S   -  digestor de tipo chino
 
<FIGURE>

10p28.gif (486x486)


 
CHORD (wind).  The distance from the LEADING EDGE to the
  TRAILING EDGE of an AIRFOIL.  The term refers to WINDMILL
  BLADE design.
    F  -  profondeur de l'aile
    S   -  profundidad del aspa
 
CHULA (biocon).  A small, wood-burning stove, usually made
  of mud, clay, brick, or metal.  The term is widely used
  in South Asia.
    F   -  chula
    S   -  chula
 
CIRCULAR FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol).   (See:  COMPOUND PARABOLIC
  COLLECTOR)
    F   -  capteur circulaire a concentration
    S   -  colector circular de enfoque
 
CISTERN (hydr).  An artificial reservoir or watertight tank
  for storing water or other liquids.
    F   -  citerne
    S  -  cisterna
 
CLAMPS (wind) (arc).  Wooden splints bolted to the sides of
  the STOCKS, locking the SAIL assembly in the POLL END.
    F   -  eclisses
    S   -  prensas
                                          COLLECTOR
 
CLEARNESS INDEX (sol) (meas).   A SOLAR ENERGY concept
  introduced to express the ratio of a particular hour,
  day, or month's SOLAR RADIATION on a horizontal surface
  to the EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION on that same
  surface for the same period of time.  It is useful in
  calculating DIFFUSE RADIATION and RADIATION falling on a
  tilted surface.
    F   -  indice de clarte
    S   -  indice de claridad
 
CLERESTORY (sol).  A vertical window that is placed high in
  a wall near the eaves for light, HEAT GAIN, and ventilation.
    F   -  lanterneau
    S   -  claraboya
 
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM (sol).  A SOLAR HEATING system in which
  distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors
  are circulated through the COLLECTORS and storage tanks
  in a closed loop.  Heat picked up from the collectors by
  the circulating FLUIDS is transferred to the water in
  the storage tanks through the closed loop or other HEAT
  EXCHANGERS.
    F   -  circuit ferme, systeme de
    S   -  sistema de ciclo cerrado
 
C/N (biocon).  (See:  CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO)
    F   -  C/N
    S   -  C/N
 
COAL GASIFICATION (prod).  The combustion of coal to form a
  gas suitable for use as a fuel.  This is usually done in
  a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
    F   -  gazeification du charbon
    S   -  gasificacion del carbon
 
COB ADOBE (constr).  A type of ADOBE in which corn cobs are
  added to clay, water, and straw.  Adobe bricks are reinforced
  by this addition of cobs during the brick-making
  process.   Cob adobe is a useful THERMAL MASS.
    F   -  adobe a la rafle de mais
    S   -  mezcla de paja, arcilla, agua y mazorcas
 
COLLECTION (sol).  The act of trapping SOLAR RADIATION.
    F   -  captation
    S   -  captacion
 
COLLECTOR (sol).  A device to trap SOLAR RADIATION and convert
  it into usable heat.  The term collector frequently
  refers to an insulated frame containing a panel made
  from an ABSORBER PLATE and GLAZING.  More broadly, a
  well-designed building with windows facing the equator
  may also be considered a collector, as can other solar
  devices that capture SOLAR RADIATION in the form of
  heat.
    F   -  capteur
    S   -  colector
 
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
 
COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas).   The ratio of SOLAR
  ENERGY absorbed by a COLLECTOR to the RADIANT ENERGY
  falling on the collector.
    F   -  rendement d'un collecteur
    S   -  eficiencia del colector
 
COLLECTOR/HEAT-EXCHANGER CORRECTION FACTOR (sol) (meas).
  An index that indicates how much useful SOLAR ENERGY is
  lost during the exchange of heat from the COLLECTOR to
  the storage tank in LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS.
    F   -  coefficient de correction capteur-echangeur de
          chaleur
    S   -  factor de correccion del colector/termopermutador
COLLECTOR-HEAT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FACTOR (sol) (meas).   The
  ratio of actual useful HEAT GAIN of a FLAT-PLATE SOLAR
  COLLECTOR to the heat gain if the entire COLLECTOR PLATE
  were at the same temperature as the inlet FLUID.
    F   -  coefficient de rendement capteur-echangeur    de
          chaleur
    S   -  factor de eficiencia del colector-termoextractor
 
COLLECTOR PLATE (sol).  A metal sheet in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
  whose primary function is to absorb as much as possible
  of the SOLAR RADIATION reaching it through the GLAZING,
  while losing as little heat as possible as it transfers
  the retained heat to the HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
    F   -  plaque collectrice
    S   -  placa colectora
 
COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE (sol) (meas).   The angle between the
  plane of the horizon and the surface of a SOLAR COLLECTOR,
  generally used to maximize the COLLECTION of SOLAR
  RADIATION.
    F   -  inclinaison d'un capteur
    S   -  angulo de inclinacion del colector
 
COMBUSTIBLE GAS (biocon) (prod).   Gas that will burn.  This
  includes BIOGAS, PRODUCER GAS, and other VOLATILE
  FLUIDS.
    F   -  gaz combustible
    S   -  gas combustible
 
COMBUSTION CHAMBER (heat).  The place in a stove where fuel
  is burned.
    F   -  chambre de combustion
    S   -  camara de combustion
 
COMBUSTION ZONE (prod).  The section in a PRODUCER GAS
  GENERATOR in which the FEEDSTOCK is burned.
    F   -  zone de combustion
    S   -  zona de combustion
 
COMMON SAIL (wind) (arc).  A WINDMILL SAIL that is covered
  with a canvas cloth.
    F   -  aile de moulin
    S   -  aspa comun
                                                  CONING
 
COMPOSTED SLUDGE (biocon).  SLUDGE that has been rendered
  relatively PATHOGEN-free through COMPOSTING.  It generally
  can be used safely as fertilizer.
    F   -  boues compostees
    S   -  composte de lodos cloacales
 
COMPOSTING (biocon).  AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION of ORGANIC
  MATTER.   The resulting material is used as a fertilizer.
    F   -  compostage
    S   -  composte
COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTOR (sol).   A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
  using parabolic REFLECTORS.
    F   -  capteur parabolique compose
    S   -  colector parabolico compuesto
 
CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR (sol).   A SOLAR COLLECTOR that uses
  REFLECTORS to concentrate DIRECT RADIATION from the sun
  onto a narrow ABSORBER PLATE to produce intense heat.
    F   -  capteur a concentration [1]
    S   -  colector concentrador
 
CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol).   A series of lenses
  or mirrors used to concentrate SOLAR RADIATION onto
  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, which convert the sunlight into
  electricity.   The concentrated sunlight increases the
  output of each cell, thus reducing the total number of
  cells required to produce a given amount of electricity.
  (See also:   PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY)
    F   -  groupe photovoltaique de concentration
    S   -  conjunto concentrador fotovoltaico
 
CONCENTRATING THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol).   (See:  CONCENTRATING
  COLLECTOR)
    F   -  capteur thermique a concentration
    S   -  colector termico concentrador
 
CONCENTRATION (gen).  The amount of a substance contained
  in a FLUID per unit volume.
    F   -  concentration
    S   -  concentracion
 
CONDENSER (gen) (impl).  A device used to change a vapor
  into a liquid.   This can be done either by exposing to
  air a tube that contains vapor, or by passing the tube
  through a WATER JACKET.
    F   -  condenseur
    S  -  condensador
 
CONDUCTION (heat).  Heat transfer from direct contact
  between a hot body and a cold body.
    F   -  conduction
    S   -  conduccion
 
CONING (wind).  The practice of tilting up the WIND SHAFT
  of a WIND MACHINE at a small angle.
    F  -  fuseler
    S   -  movimiento de la pala
 
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION
 
CONTINUOUS DIGESTION (biocon).   The continuous feeding of
  BIOMASS into a BIOGAS DIGESTER, with the removal of an
  equivalent volume of EFFLUENT.  The process is usually
  started with the addition of a SEED.  It may take several
  DETENTION TIMES before the process becomes steady.  For
  many purposes, this is a more EFFICIENT and convenient
  process than BATCH DIGESTION.  Processes involving daily
  addition and removal are more properly described as
  semi-continuous.
    F   -  digestion en continu
    S   -  digestion continua
CONTINUOUS FLOW DIGESTER (biocon).   A DIGESTER into which
  BIOMASS may be loaded and gas and EFFLUENT recovered
  without discontinuing digestion.
    F   -  digesteur a flux continu
    S   -  digestor de circulacion continua
 
CONTINUOUS PROCESSING (biocon).   (See:  CONTINUOUS DIGESTION)
    F   -  traitement en continu
    S   -  proceso continuo
 
CONTINUOUS STILL (alc).  An ALCOHOL STILL into which MASH
  may be loaded and ALCOHOL recovered without discontinuing
  alcohol production.
    F   -  alambic a distillation continue
    S   -  alambique continuo
 
CONTROLLED BURNING ATMOSPHERE (fos).   An atmosphere in
  which oil or natural gas is burned with just enough oxygen
  to prevent all the carbon from being consumed.  The
  recovered carbon may be used as a fuel.
    F   -  atmosphere a combustion controlee
    S   -  atmosfera de combustion controlada
 
CONVECTION (heat).  The transfer of heat between one location
  or surface and another by the motion of a heat-carrying
  FLUID.   Also, the transfer of heat within a
  fluid by movements within the fluid.
    F   -  convection
    S   -  conveccion
 
CONVECTION AIR COOLER (refrig).   A non-electric cooler that
  depends on the natural circulation of air.
    F   -  refroidisseur par convection d'air
    S   -  enfriador de aire por conveccion
 
CONVERSION PROCESS (gen).  A process through which ENERGY
  is converted from one form to another, such as RADIANT
  ENERGY into heat or electric energy.
    F   -  conversion
    S   -  proceso de conversion
 
COOKER (alc).  A heated tank with an AGITATOR that heats
  the MASH as part of the ALCOHOL production process.
    F   -  chaudiere de cuisson
    S   -  caldera de coccion
                                       CROSS-FLOW TURBINE
 
COOKING (alc).  A heating and stirring process that breaks
  down STARCH granules, thus making the starch available
  for the liquefaction and SACCHARIFICATION steps of the
  ALCOHOL manufacturing process.
    F   -  cuisson
    S   -  coccion
 
 
COOK STOVE (biocon).  An apparatus in which fuel is burned
  to produce heat for cooking.
    F   -  cuisiniere
    S   -  estufa
CO-PRODUCT (alc).  Substances resulting from the production
  of ETHANOL by FERMENTATION.
    F   -  coproduit
    S   -  coproducto
 
CORRUGATED METAL SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol).   A type of SOLAR
  COLLECTOR that uses a corrugated metal as its ABSORBER
  PLATE.   The metal is usually painted with FLAT BLACK
  PAINT.
    F   -  capteur solaire en tole ondulee
    S   -  colector solar de metal corrugado
 
COVER (sol).  (See:  GLAZING)
    F   -  revetement
    S   -  revestimiento
 
COVER PLATE (sol).  The transparent material placed over a
  COLLECTOR-ABSORBER PLATE so that heat loss to the atmosphere
  is reduced and a greater fraction of the SOLAR
  RADIATION is collected as useable heat.
    F   -  plaque de couverture
    S   -  placa revestidora
 
CREOSOTE OIL (gen).  A by-product from CHARCOAL production
  by DISTILLATION.  It may be used as a preservative to
  protect wood from termites, moisture, etc.
    F   -  huile de creosote
    S   -  aceite de creosota
 
CRETAN SAIL WINDMILL (wind).   (See:  CRETAN WINDMILL)
    F   -  moulin a ailes cretois
    S   -  molino de viento con aspas cretanas
 
<FIGURE>

10p34.gif (540x353)


 
CRETAN WINDMILL (wind).  A type of HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL
  ROTOR WINDMILL generally having four fixed, triangular
  SAILS.   Cretan windmills are used primarily for low-lift
  water pumping.
    F   -  moulin a vent cretois
    S   -  molino de viento cretano
 
CROSS (wind) (arc).  A cruciform iron support for the sail
  assembly, used as an alternative to the POLL END.
    F   -  croix
    S   -  aspa de hierro
 
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE (hydr).  (See:  BANKI TURBINE)
    F   -  turbine a ecoulement radial
    S  -  turbina con rodete de tambor
 
CROSSWIND
 
CROSSWIND (wind).  Winds blowing crosswise to the direction
  of the wind stream.
    F   -  vent de travers
    S   -  viento de costado
 
CULTURE (bio).  A preparation containing micro-organisms
  that are growing on a medium.
    F   -  bouillon de culture
    S   -  cultivo
 
                                          CUP ANEMOMETER
 
CUP ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas).   An ANEMOMETER with three or
  four cups that rotate with the wind to measure wind
  speed.
    F  -  anemometre a coquilles
    S   -  anemometro de tazas
 
<FIGURE>

10p35.gif (486x486)


 
CUPS
 
CUPS (hydr).  Bowl shaped BLADES found on PELTON WHEELS and
  other types of IMPULSE TURBINES.
    F   -  godets
    S   -  tazas
 
<FIGURE>

10p36.gif (486x486)


 
CURB (wind) (arc).  In SMOCK MILLS and TOWER MILLS, the
  circular timber rim or wall plate supporting the revolving
  cap.
    F   -  chemin de glissement
    S   -  apoyo circular
 
CURRENT (elec).  The FLOW of electrons through a conductor.
    F   -  courant
    S   -  corriente
 
CUT-IN SPEED (wind).  The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
  MACHINE is activated.
    F   -  vitesse d'enclenchement
    S   -  velocidad de accionamiento
 
CUT-OUT SPEED (wind).  The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND
  MACHINE turns out of the wind.  (See also:   BATTERY
   CUT-OUT)
    F   -  vitesse de disjonction
    S   -  velocidad de interrupcion
 
CYLINDER (hydr).  In hydraulic systems, a short, hollow
  metal tube containing a piston, piston rod, and end
  seals, and fitted with a system to allow the entrance
  and exit of FLUIDS.
    F   -  cylindre
    S   -  cilindro
                           D
 
DAM (hydr).  A structure that detains the FLOW of water in
  an open CHANNEL or watercourse.  POWER dams raise the
  level of streams or rivers to create or concentrate HEAD
  for power purposes.
    F - barrage
    S - represa
 
<FIGURE>

10p37.gif (486x486)


 
DAMPER (heat).  A movable plate or other device for regulating
  the air-FLOW and burning rate in a stove.  It is
  often located either inside the stove or in the FLUE
  pipe.
    F - registre
    S - regulador de tiro
 
<FIGURE>

10p38.gif (486x486)


 
DARRIEUS ROTOR WINDMILL (wind).   A VERTICAL AXIS WIND
  MACHINE that has long, thin, loop-shaped BLADES connected
  at the top and bottom of the WIND SHAFT.
    F - eolienne a rotor de Darrieus
    S - molino de viento de rotor Darrieus
 
<FIGURE>

10p39.gif (393x393)


 
DC (elec).  Abbreviation for DIRECT CURRENT.
    F - CC
    S - C.C.
 
DDG (alc).  Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS.
  (See:   DISTILLER'S GRAINS)
    F - GSB
    S - G.S.D.
                                                   DEADMAN
 
DDGS (alc).  Abbreviation for DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAINS and
  SOLUBLES.   (See:  DISTILLER's GRAIN)
    F - G.S.B.S.
    S - G.S.D.S.
 
DEAD AIR SPACE (constr) (sol).   An empty area within the
  walls of a building in which the air remains motionless
  and acts as insulation.  Dead air space may be included
  in a SOLAR COLLECTOR between the ABSORBER PLATE and the
  GLAZING, between glazings, and in the CASING.
    F - espace d'air inerte
    S - espacio de aire no renovado
 
DEAD CURB (wind) (arc).  A ledge supporting the CAP of a
  WINDMILL without the interposition of WHEELS or ROLLERS.
    F - chemin dormant
    S - reborde
 
DEADMAN (wind).  A log or a mass of concrete or steel
  buried in the ground, to which GUY WIRES for supporting
  towers and poles are attached.
    F - point fixe d'ammarage
    S - macizo de anclaje
 
<FIGURE>

10p40.gif (393x393)


 
DECOMPOSITION
 
DECOMPOSITION (bio) (chem).  Decay of ORGANIC MATTER due to
  the action of BACTERIA.  Also the separation of a substance
  into its component parts by chemical action.
    F - decomposition
    S - descomposicion
 
DEEP CYCLE BATTERY (elec) (wind).   A BATTERY that can be
  fully charged and discharged without shortening its
  life.   They are often used with WIND GENERATORS.
    F -   batterie a cycle profond
    S -   bateria de gran ciclo
 
DEGREE DAY COOLING (gen) (meas).   A measurement used to
  evaluate the summer cooling requirements of a given
  location.   Each degree that the daily temperature is
  above 75 [degrees] F (24 [degrees] C), one cooling degree day is counted.
    F - degre-jour de refroidissement
    S - enfriamiento de grado-dia
 
DEGREE DAY HEATING (gen) (meas).   A measurement used to
  determine the winter heating requirements of a given
  location.   Each degree that the daily temperature is
  below 65 [degrees] F (19 [degrees] C) is a heating degree day.
    F - degre-jour de chauffage
    S - calefaccion de grado-dia
                                    DIGESTED SLURRY
 
DEHYDRATION (gen).  The removal of moisture from a
  substance.
    F - deshydratation
    S - deshidratacion
 
DENATURE (alc).  The process of adding a substance, often
  METHANOL, to ETHANOL to make it unfit for human
  consumption.
    F - denaturer
    S - desnaturalizar
 
DEPHLEGMATOR (alc).  (See:  ALCOHOL STILL)
    F - deflegmateur
    S - desflegmador
 
DESIGN HEAT LOAD (heat) (meas).   The total heat loss from a
  building during the most severe winter conditions the
  building is likely to experience.
    F - charge thermique nominale
    S - carga de calefaccion prevista
 
DESSICANT (gen).  A substance with an affinity for water,
  used for drying purposes.
    F - dessiccatif
    S - desecante
 
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION (alc) (gen).   The heating, DECOMPOSITION,
  and subsequent DISTILLATION of FLUIDS from
  ORGANIC MATTER (e.g., METHANOL production from wood).
    F - distillation destructive
    S - destilacion destructora
 
DETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas).   The amount of time that
  incoming material is retained in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - temps de retention
    S - periodo de detencion
 
DIFFUSED RADIATION (sol).  Indirect, scattered sunlight,
  which casts no shadow.  It is the opposite of DIRECT
  RADIATION.
    F - rayonnement diffus
    S - radiacion difusa
 
DIFFUSION (chem).  The process by which a substance of a
  greater CONCENTRATION mixes with a substance of a lesser
  concentration to produce a uniform mixture.
    F - diffusion
    S - difusion
 
DIGESTED SLUDGE (biocon).  The residue remaining after
  DIGESTION.   Digested sludge contains some UNDIGESTED
  SOLIDS and stabilized ORGANIC MATTER.
    F - boues digerees
    S - sedimento digerido
 
DIGESTED SLURRY (biocon).  (See:  DIGESTED SLUDGE)
    F - boue digeree
    S - fango digerido
 
DIGESTER
 
DIGESTER (biocon).  The tank in which ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
  takes place.
    F - digesteur
    S - digestor
DIGESTER TANK (bio).  The reservoir area in a BIOGAS DIGESTER
  in which DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER takes
  place.   It usually has some gas holding capacity, and
  provides For the collection and removal of SCUM and
  SLUDGE.
    F - reservoir digesteur
    S - tanque digestor
 
DIGESTION (biocon).  The process by which ORGANIC MATTER is
  decomposed by the action of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA, producing
  METHANE and high-grade fertilizer.
    F - digestion
    S - digestion
 
DILUTION RATE (biocon) (meas).   The frequency with which
  water is added to a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - taux de dilution
    S - tasa de dilucion
 
DIRECT CONVERSION (sol).  The transformation of sunlight to
  electricity without an intervening thermodynamic cycle.
    F - conversion directe
    S - conversion directa
 
DIRECT CURRENT (elec).  A continuous, one-directional FLOW
  of electricity, such as that from a BATTERY.  Commonly
  abbreviated as dc.
    F - courant continu
    S - corriente continua
 
DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM (sol).  (See:  DIRECT SOLAR GAIN)
    F - gain direct, systeme de
    S - sistema de ganancia directa
 
DIRECT METHODS OF SOLAR HEATING (sol).   SOLAR HEATING techniques
  in which SOLAR RADIATION enters a building
  through windows and SKYLIGHTS and is trapped inside to
  warm a room.
    F - chauffage solaire direct
    S - metodos directos de calefaccion solar
 
DIRECT RADIATION (sol).  Sunlight that has traveled a
  straight path from the sun.  It is the opposite of
  DIFFUSED RADIATION.
    F - rayonnement direct
    S - radiacion directa
 
DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol).  ENERGY acquired From conversion
  of DIRECT RADIATION.
    F - energie solaire directe
    S - energia solar directa
                                           DOUBLE-GLAZING
 
DIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol).  A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system in
  which SOLAR RADIATION passes through and warms a room in
  a dwelling before being stored in THERMAL MASS for
  longterm heating.
    F - apport solaire direct
    S - ganancia solar directa
 
DISCHARGE PIPE (hydr) (biocon).   [1] The pipe through which
  water exits from a WATER TURBINE.  [2] The outlet for
  EFFLUENT from a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - [1] tube de decharge; [2]  tuyau d'evacuation
    S - tubo de descarga
 
DISTILLATE (alc).  The portion of a liquid that is removed
  from a solid or semisolid as a vapor and CONDENSED
  during the DISTILLATION process.  ETHANOL is a distillate
  of FERMENTED MASH.  (See also:   SOLAR DISTILLATE)
    F - distillat
    S - destilado
 
 
DISTILLATION (alc).  An evaporation and recondensation
  process by which liquids are separated into various
  fractions according to their boiling points.  ETHANOL is
  separated by distillation from MASH and water.
    F - distillation
    S - destilacion
 
DISTILLATION COLUMN (alc).  (See:  STILL COLUMN)
    F - colonne de distillation
    S - columna de destilacion
 
DISTILLER'S DRIED GRAIN (DDG) (alc).   (See:  DISTILLER'S
  GRAIN)
    F - grains secs de brasserie (GSB)
    S - grano seco de destilacion (GSD)
 
DISTILLER'S GRAIN (alc).  A by-product of ETHANOL production.
  Once ethanol has been driven from the MASH in an
  ALCOHOL STILL, the remaining solids are known as distiller's
  grain.   When dried, these grains can be used as
  high protein animal feed.  The dried distiller's grain
  commonly is abbreviated as DDG.  (Syn:   BREWER'S DRIED
  GRAIN)
    F - grains de distillerie
    S - grano de destilacion
 
DISTILLER'S MASH (alc).  (See:  SPENT MASH)
    F -   mout de distillateur
    S -   mezcla de destilacion
 
DOUBLE CHAMBER (biocon).  A type of BIOGAS DIGESTER in
  which the GASHOLDER is separate from the DIGESTER TANK.
    F -   chambre double
    S -   camara doble
 
DOUBLE-GLAZING (sol).  [1] A cover for a SOLAR COLLECTOR
  that is made from two layers of GLAZING materials.  [2]
  Double-glass windows designed to serve as insulation for
  buildings.
    F - [1] vitre double; [2] double vitrage
    S - vidriado doble
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED
 
DOUBLE-SHUTTERED (wind) (arc).   PATENT SAILS or SPRING
  SAILS fitted with SHUTTERS on both sides of the WHIP.
    F - double volets, a
    S - doble postigo
 
DOWNCOMER (alc) (impl).  A component of an ALCOHOL STILL.
  When water is separated from ALCOHOL during DISTILLATION,
  the water falls toward the bottom of the STILL
  COLUMN through a pipe called a downcomer.
    F - deversoir
    S - tubo de descenso
 
DOWNDRAFT (gen) (prod).  [1] A type of PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
  in which air and gas FLOWS from the top of the COMBUSTION
  ZONE down through to the bottom.  [2] KILNS or
  other types of ovens and stoves in which CONVECTION or
  combustion air flows down through the device.
    F - [1] tirage en bas; [2] tirage inverse
    S - corriente descendiente
 
DOWNWIND (wind).  On the side opposite the WIND DIRECTION.
    F - sous le vent
    S - con el viento
 
<FIGURE>

10p44.gif (393x393)


 
                                             DRYING BED
 
DRAFT (heat).  The FLOW of air through a KILN, stove, oven,
  fireplace, PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR, etc.  Draft affects
  both temperature and rate of combustion.
    F - tirage
    S - tiro de aire
DRAG (wind).  An aerodynamic force that retards the motion
  of lift-type ROTOR blades, or that causes BLADE motion
  in DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINES.
    F - trainee
    S - resistencia aerodinamica
 
DRAG-TYPE SYSTEM (wind).  WIND MACHINES that are actuated
  by aerodynamic DRAG in a WIND STREAM (e.g., SAVONIUS
  ROTOR).
    F - type a trainee, systeme du
    S - sistema del tipo de arrastre
 
DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE (wind).   A WIND MACHINE that rotates
  by being pushed by the wind instead of by being driven
  by LIFT forces.  This is generally a slow-moving device.
    F - eolienne a trainee
    S - aerogenerador del tipo de arrastre
 
DRAIN DOWN SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol).   A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
  will automatically drain itself to protect against
  freezing.
    F - capteur solaire a evacuation automatique
    S - colector solar con drenaje
 
DRY BIOMASS (gen).  Moisture-free BIOMASS.  It is valuable
  because it can be conveniently stored for long periods
  of time.   (See also:  DRY ORGANIC WASTE)
    F - biomasse seche
    S - biomasa seca
 
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas).   The temperature of air as
  indicated by a standard thermometer, as contrasted with
  WET-BULB TEMPERATURE that depends on atmospheric humidity.
  This measure of AMBIENT temperature is used in
  designing PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
  systems.
    F - temperature au thermometre sec
    S - temperatura de bola seca
 
DRY DIGESTION (biocon).  DIGESTION in which more than 10
  percent of the SLURRY is solid material.
    F - digestion seche
    S - digestion seca
 
DRYING BED (biocon).  An area prepared for drying EFFLUENT
  after it hs been removed from a METHANE DIGESTER.  Dried
  effluent can be used as fertilizer or as animal feed.
    F - lit de sechage
    S - lecho secador
DRY ORGANIC WASTE
 
DRY ORGANIC WASTE (gen).  ORGANIC WASTE that is free from
  moisture.   This type of waste can be stored for long
  periods before being used as a fuel or fertilizer.  (See
  also:   DRY BIOMASS)
    F - dechets organiques secs
    S - desperdicios organicos secos
 
DRY SLURRY (biocon).  SLURRY that is more than 10 percent
  solid material.
    F - boue seche
    S - fango seco
 
DRY STEAM (geo).  An ENERGY source obtained when hot water
  boils in an underground reservoir.  As the steam rises,
  some of it condenses on surrounding rack.  The uncondensed
  steam that reaches the surface is called dry
  steam, and may be tapped and used in STEAM TURBINES.
    F - vapeur seche
    S - vapor seco
 
DUAL-FUEL ENGINE (auto) (gen).   A gasoline or diesel
  engine equipped to operate on an alternative fuel,
  either alternately or in combination (e.g., gasoline-BIOGAS,
  diesel-biogas, gasoline-WOOD GAS, diesel-wood
  gas).
    F - moteur polycarburant
    S - motor a doble combustible
                                                   DYNAPOD
 
 DUNG (bio).   Manure, usually without urine.   Dried dung can
  be burned directly as a fuel or used as a fertilizer.
  F - fumier
   S - estiercol
 
DUNG GAS (biocon).  (See: BIOGAS)
  F - gaz de fumier
  S - gas de estiercol
 
DYNAMO (elec).  A device for converting mechanical ENERGY
  into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.
  Dynamos are often adapted to be driven by WINDMILLS.
  (See also:   ALTERNATOR)
    F - dynamo
    S - dinamo
 
DYNAPOD (gen) (impl).  A pedal-operated POWER source.  It is
  used to drive a variety of machines and devices.
  F - dynapod
  S - dynapod
 
<FIGURE>

10p46.gif (540x540)


 
                              E
 
EARTH KILN (heat).  A relatively inefficient KILN made by
  mounding earth over the materials to be burned.  Used in
  traditional CHARCOAL production.
    F - meule a charbon de bois
    S - horno de tierra
 
<FIGURE>

10p48a.gif (486x486)


 
ECCENTRIC WHEEL (gen).  A wheel in which the axle is not at
  the center point, but slightly off-center.
    F - roue excentrique
    S - rueda excentrica
 
<FIGURE>

10p48b.gif (317x317)


 
ECONOMIZER (heat).  A HEAT EXCHANGER that recovers heat
  from FLUE gases and uses it to heat feedwater or combustion
  air.
     F - economiseur
    S - economizador
                                   ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 
EFFECTIVENESS (heat) (meas).   The ratio of actual heat
  transfer in a HEAT EXCHANGER to the maximum possible
  heat transfer.
    F - efficacite
    S - eficacia
 
EFFICIENCY (gen).  The ratio of the ENERGY output to the
  energy input.   Efficiency is usually expressed as a
  percentage.
    F - rendement
    S - eficiencia
 
EFFLUENT (biocon).  [1] SLURRY that has been removed from a
  BIOGAS PLANT.   [2] Liquid sewage after having passed
  through any stage in its purification.
        F - effluent
        S - efluente
 
EMISSIVITY (sol).  The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY emitted by a
  body to that emitted by a perfect BLACKBODY.  A perfect
  blackbody has an emissivity of one; a perfect REFLECTOR,
  an emissivity of zero.
    F - emissivite
    S - emisividad
 
EMITTANCE (sol) (meas).  A rating of the ability of a
  material to give off heat as RADIANT ENERGY.
    F - emittance
    S - emitancia
 
ENERGY (gen).  The capacity of a body to do work; POWER in
  action.
    F - energie
    S - energia
 
ENERGY CAPABILITY OF AN ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING DEVICE (gen)
  (meas).   The maximum amount of electricity that an
  electricity-producing device may produce under the best
   conditions during a given period.   ENERGY capability is
  determined by the mechanical EFFICIENCY of the device.
    F - capacite energetique d'un dispositif produisant du
        courant
    S - capacidad energetica de un aparato productor de
        electricidad
 
ENERGY CONSERVATION (gen).  Practices and measures that
  increase the EFFICIENCY with which ENERGY is used or
  produced.
    F - conservation de l'energie
    S - conservacion de energia
 
ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen).  The amount of ENERGY consumed in
  the form in which it is obtained by the user.  This term
  excludes electrical generation and distribution losses.
  It also is called net energy consumption.
    F - consommation d'energie
    S - consumo de energia
ENERGY CONVERSION
 
ENERGY CONVERSION (gen).  The act of changing ENERGY from
  one form to another (e.g., WIND ENERGY to mechanical
  energy).
 
            ENERGY CONVERSION OF PRACTICAL, RENEWABLE
               ENERGY SYSTEMS - Maximum Efficiency
 
                      Wind Generator 40%
      Mechanical       Water Turbine 68-93%          Electrical
                      Steam Power Plant 40%
 
      Mechanical       Windmill 20-30%               Mechanical
                      Waterwheel 70-85%
 
           Solar       Flat Collector 40-60%         Thermal
                      Concentrator 80-90%           (Heat)
 
        Chemical       Wood Combustion Burner        Thermal
                        85% maximum                 (Heat)
 
        Chemical       Battery 80% (Storage)         Electrical
 
        Chemical       Biogas Digester 40-60%        Chemical
 
        F - conversion de l'energie
        S - conversion de energia
 
ENERGY PATTERN FACTOR (wind).   The ratio of the available
  ENERGY in all of the winds in a particular location over
  a certain period of time to the energy that would be
  available if the WIND SPEED over that period of time
  were constant at the mean wind speed over that period of
  time.
    F - coefficient de diagramme energetique
    S - factor energetico del viento
 
ENERGY PRODUCTS (gen).  Fuels that can be used to produce
  ENERGY.   Also, the by-products that result when fuels are
  produced.
    F - combustibles energetiques
    S - productos energeticos
 
ENERGY STORAGE (gen) (meas).   The ability to convert ENERGY
  into other forms, such as heat or a chemical reaction,
  so that it can be retrieved for later use.  Also the
  development, design, construction, and operation of
  devices for storing energy until needed.  The technology
  includes devices such as batteries, pumped storage for
  hydroelectric generation and compressed gas.
    F - stockage de l'energie
    S - almacenamiento de energia
 
ENHANCEMENT (sol).  Increasing the amount of sunlight
  transmitted through the GLAZING in a SOLAR COLLECTOR
  through the use of a REFLECTOR.
    F - renforcement
    S - intensificacion
          
                                                   EQUINOX
 
               RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE
 
                            Storage
               Storage     Efficien-     Major Loss          (*)     (**)
               Medium       cy (%)     Characteristics        A       B
 
 SOLAR          Water          75-90    Leaks (therma]        2        1
 (Heat)                                 & physical)
               Earth          varies   Leaks (thermal)       1        1
               Rock          60-80     Leaks (thermal)        2       2
               Salt Hy-      75-95     Material Break-       3       3
                drates                down
 
 WIND/WATER      Pumped       50-70     Evaporation            1       2
 (Mechanical)     Water                 Friction
            
               Compressed    40-50     Leaks                  2       2
                Air (com-             Friction
                pressed)
 
 WIND/WATER     Battery        70-85    Internal              3        3
 (Electrical)                          Discharge
  
 METHANE        Tank                    Leaks                  1       2
               Tank (com-    50-60                           3       3
                pressed)
 
 ALCOHOL        Tank                    Leaks
                                      Evaporation            1        1
 
  (*) A Relative Cost                       1.   Negligible
                                            2.  Intermediate
 (**) B Degree of Mechanical Complexity     3.   Considerable
 
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS (alc).  The use of ENZYMES to convert
  STARCH into simple sugars.  This is a stage in the production
  of ETHANOL.
    F - saccharification enzymatique
    S - hidrolisis enzimica
 
ENZYMES (chem) (alc).  Organic substances that are produced
  in the cells of living organisms, and which cause specific
  chemical changes.  Enzymes are produced by BACTERIA
  or FUNGI and are used in the liquefication and SACCHARIFICATION
  steps of ALCOHOL production.
     F - enzymes
     S - enzimas
EOLIAN (wind).  Of, relating to, formed by, or deposited by
  the wind or air currents.  (Syn:   Aeolian)
    F - eolien, eolienne
    S - eolico
 
 
EQUINOX (sol).  Either of two times of year when the sun
  passes over the celestial equator and when the length of
  day and night are almost equal.
    F - equinoxe
    S - equinoccio
 
ETHANOL
 
ETHANOL (alc).  A Flammable organic compound (C[H.sub.3]C[H.sub.2]OH)
  formed during sugar FERMENTATION.  It is also called
  ethyl alcohol, GRAIN ALCOHOL, or simply ALCOHOL.
    F - ethanol
    S - etanol
 
ETHYL ALCOHOL (alc).  (See:  ETHANOL)
  F - alcool ethylique
  S - alcohol etilico
 
EUTECTIC SALTS (heat).  Heat storing salts that melt at a
  relatively low temperature.  They absorb large quantities
  of heat when they do melt.  Heat is released when the
  salts freeze.
    F - eutectiques
    S - sales eutecticos
 
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR (sol).   A SOLAR COLLECTOR that
  uses a vacuum to insulate the ABSORBER PLATE.  This
  COLLECTOR is highly EFFICIENT but very expensive.
    F - capteur a tube vide
    S - colector con tubo vaciado
 
EVAPORATIVE COOLING (refrig).   The exchange of heat from
  air to a water spray or wet surface through a reversible
  THERMODYNAMIC process.  Air passing through the water is
  cooled as the water evaporates.  The process can be
  reversed by condensing the vapor on a cool surface.
    F - refroidissement par evaporation
    S - enfriamiento evaporante
 
EXCESS AIR (heat).  Air that passes through a COMBUSTION
  ZONE in excess of the quantity theoretically required
  for complete combustion.
    F - exces d'air
    S - aire excesivo
 
EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION (sol) (meas).   The amount
  of SOLAR RADIATION that would strike a surface if that
  surface were outside the Earth's atmosphere.  (See also:
  CLEARNESS INDEX)
    F - rayonnement solaire extraterrestre
    S - radiacion solar extraterrestre
                                    F
 
F (meas).  Abbreviation for FAHRENHEIT.
  F - F
  S - F
 
FAHRENHEIT (meas).  The temperature scale in which water
  freezes at 32 [degrees] F and boils at 212 [degrees] F.  Temperatures of the
  Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures
  on the CELSIUS or Centigrade scale by first subtracting
  32 [degrees] from the Fahrenheit temperature, then
  multiplying the result by 5/9 according to the formula:
  (F -32) X 5/9 = C.
    F - Fahrenheit
    S - Fahrenheit
 
FALL WIND (wind).  A strong, cold, downhill wind.
  F - vent catabatique
  S - racha de viento
 
FANTAIL (wind) (arc).  A small, secondary ROTOR set at a
  right angle to the main ROTOR of a WINDMILL to provide
  the motive POWER to turn the CAP to face the wind.
    F - gouvernail
    S - timon
 
FARM WINDMILL (wind).  A multi-BLADED WINDMILL that is
  based on an Early American design and is used primarily
  for water pumping.
    F - eolienne de ferme
    S - molino de viento rural
 
<FIGURE>

10p54.gif (486x317)


 
FEATHER (wind).  Turning the SAILS or the ROTOR of a WIND
  MACHINE out of the wind to protect the device from
  damage from high WIND VELOCITIES.
    F - mettre en drapeau
    S - poner en bandolera
 
FEATHERING MECHANISM (wind) (impl).   A mechanism on a
  WINDMILL that automatically turns the BLADES out of the
  wind when winds are too strong.  This slows the windmill,
  protecting it from damage in high winds.
    F - mecanisme de mise en drapeau
    S - mecanismo de puesta en bandolera
 
FEED (gen).  See:  FEEDSTOCK)
  F - alimentation
  S - alimento
 
FEEDSTOCK (gen).  The raw ORGANIC MATTER, such as grain,
  fruit, DUNG, or other BIOMASS, used as the INFLUENT in
  the FERMENTATION or DIGESTION processes.
    F - charge d'alimentation
    S - materia prima organica
 
FARM WINDMILL
 
                                           FIRE BRICK
 
FENESTRATION (sol).  An opening in a building that admits
  light and/or air.
    F - fenestration
    S - ventanaje
FERMENT (biocon).  A transformation or DECOMPOSITION of
  ORGANIC MATTER by the catalytic effect of ENZYMATIC
  action.   To cause or undergo the action of FERMENTATION.
    F - fermenter
    S - fermentar
 
FERMENTABLE SUGAR (alc).  (See:  MONOSACCHARIDE)
  F - sucre fermentable
  S - azucar fermentable
 
FERMENTATION (alc) (chem).  [1] A biological sequence of
  ENZYMATIC reactions that convert sugars to carbon dioxide
  and ALCOHOL in the absence of FREE OXYGEN.  The term
  generally refers to metabolism in the absence of oxygen.
  [2] The process by which YEAST changes sugar to
  ALCOHOL in the absence of air.  [3] The process of
  chemical change in ORGANIC MATTER brought about by
  living organisms.
    F - fermentation
    S - fermentacion
 
FERMENTATION PERIOD (gen) (meas).   The length of time
  required for a substance to FERMENT.
    F - duree de fermentation
    S - periodo de fermentacion
 
FERMENTATION TANK (alc).  The container in which FERMENTATION
  takes place in an ETHANOL production operation.
    F - cuve de fermentation
    S - tanque de fermentacion
 
FERMENTER (gen).  (See:  FERMENTATION TANK)
    F - fermenteur
    S - fermentador
 
FETCH AREA (wind).  The geographic area over which the wind
  passes shortly before reaching a WIND MACHINE.  It is
  considered in the selection of a site for a wind-powered
  device.
    F - portee du vent
    S - extension expuesta
 
FIRE BACK (constr).  A metal plate set in a CHIMNEY to control
  the back DRAFT of flames.
    F - contre-feu
    S - respaldo refractario
 
FIREBOX (gen).  The area in a stove, oven, or PRODUCER
  GAS GENERATOR in which combustion occurs.
    F - chambre de combustion
    S - caja refractaria
 
FIRE BRICK (constr).  A type of brick with a high melting
  point that is used to line FLUES, CHIMNEYS, furnaces,
  and fireplaces.
    F - brique refractaire
    S - ladrillo refractario
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER
 
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER (biocon).   A BIOGAS DIGESTER in which
  the gasholder is an integral part of the digester,
  rather than a FLOATING GAS CAP.  This type of digester is
  usually used to produce fertilizer.  METHANE is considered
  a by-product.
    F - digesteur a dome fixe
    S - digestor de sombrerete fijo
 
FLAT BLACK PAINT (sol).  A nonglossy black paint with a
  relatively high ABSORPTANCE.
    F - peinture noire mate
    S - pintura negra uniforme
 
FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol).   A device that uses an
  ABSORBER PLATE to COLLECT SOLAR RADIATION without
  assistance of devices to concentrate the sun's rays.
    F - capteur solaire a panneau plan
    S - colector solar de placa lisa
 
FLOAT (hydr).  The BUCKET of a WATER WHEEL.
    F - aube
    S - paleta [1]
 
FLOATING GAS CAP (biocon).  A lid over a BIOGAS DIGESTER
  that rises or falls with the production of METHANE.
    F - cloche a gaz flottante
    S - sombrerete movible
 
<FIGURE>

10p56.gif (540x540)


                                       FOCUSING COLLECTOR
 
FLOW (gen).  The volume of a substance passing a point per
  unit time (e.g., meters per second, gallons per hour,
  etc.)
    F - debit
    S - flujo
 
FLOW DESIGN (hydr) (meas).  The FLOW rate at which a
  TURBINE is designed to operate.
    F - debit nominal
    S - diseno de flujo
 
FLUE (const).  A passageway in a CHIMNEY that vents gases
  produced during combustion.  The flue opening can be
  regulated to control the DRAFT in the oven or stove,
  thus changing the rate of combustion.
    F - carneau
    S - conducto de humos
 
FLUE GAS DRYING (heat).  THERMAL drying using gases in a
  FLUE as the source of heat.
    F - sechage au gaz de carneau
    S - secado por gases del conducto
 
FLUID (gen).  Any substance that FLOWS, such as a liquid or
  gas.   Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot
  resist changes in their shape when acted upon by a
  force.
    F - fluide
    S - fluido
 
FLUIDIZED BED GASSIFIER (prod).   A type of PRODUCER GAS
  GENERATOR in which air FLOWS upward through a bed of
  suitably-sized fuel particles fast enough to buoy the
  particles and give them an appearance of great agitation.
  The fuel particles generally are small.  This type
  of combustion reduces the sulphur-dioxide emissions when
  coal is burned.
    F - gazogene a lit fluidise
    S - gasificador en lecho fluidizado
 
FLUME (hydr).  [1] A HEAD RACE in the form of a trough or
  CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER WHEEL.  [2] A
  waterway, usually made of wood and often supported on a
  trestle, that conveys water to be used for POWER,
  transportation, etc.
    F - [1] coursier; [2] canal d'amenee
    S - canaleta
 
FLYWHEEL (gen) (impl).  A rotating element attached to the
  shaft of a machine to maintain uniform angular velocity
  and revolutions per minute.
    F - volant
    S - volante
 
FOCUSING COLLECTOR (sol).  A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR that
  focuses the sun's rays on a sinqle point.
    F - capteur a concentration [2]
    S - colector enfocante
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR
 
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR (sol).  A portable type of folding mirror
  used in SOLAR COOKERS to reflect sunlight.
    F - reflecteur pliant
    S - reflector plegable
 
FOOT-POUND (gen) (meas).  The amount of ENERGY required to
  lift one pound of a substance one foot.
     F - pied-livre
    S - libra-pie
 
FORCED CONVECTION (heat).  The use of a pump or blower to
  control the FLOW of heat into a heated FLUID (e.g. circulating
  warm air in a room or dwelling with a pump or
  blower).
    F - convection forcee
    S - conveccion forzada
 
FOSSIL FUELS (fos).  Nonrenewable, naturally-occurring
  fuels from ORGANIC MATTER.  These include coal, crude
  oil, and natural gas.
    F - combustibles fossiles
    S - combustibles fosiles
 
FRACTIONATING COLUMN (alc).  A vertical tube or column
  attached to an ALCOHOL STILL that is usually filled with
  packing or intersected with plates.  An internal REFLUX
  results in a separation between the high and low boiling
  fractions inside the column.  Those with the lowest boiling
  point DISTILL out.  (See also: DISTILLATION COLUMN)
    F - colonne de fractionnement
    S - columna de fraccionar
FRESNEL LENS
 
FRANCIS TURBINE (hydr).  A WATER TURBINE that operates on a
  low or medium HEAD and is often installed in large
  HYDROELECTRIC plants.  Water enters the turbine radially
  and leaves axially.
    F - turbine de Francis
    S - turbina Francis
 
<FIGURE>

10p58.gif (486x486)


 
FREE OXYGEN (bio).  Oxygen in the atmosphere, which can be
  extracted at no cost.  Conversely, oxygen extracted at a
  cost would cause the substance from which the oxygen
  molecules were taken to DECOMPOSE.
    F - oxygene libre
    S - oxigeno libre
 
FRESNEL COLLECTOR (sol).  A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR
  consisting of a concentric series of rings with
  reflecting surfaces.  These rings focus SOLAR RADIATION
  onto an ABSORBER PLATE.
    F - capteur a lentille de Fresnel
    S - colector Fresnel
 
FRESNEL LENS (sol).  A type of lens built up from a number
  of narrow concentric segments.  It is used in SOLAR
  CONCENTRATORS.
    F - lentille de Fresnel
    S - lente de Fresnel
 
<FIGURE>

10p59.gif (486x486)


FRICTION
 
FRICTION (gen).  Surface resistance to relative motion,
  which slows down movement and causes heat.
    F - frottement
    S - friccion
 
FRICTION HEAD (hydr).  HEAD or ENERGY lost due to FRICTION
  created by the contact between a moving stream of water
  and the conduit through which it is moving.  In pipes,
  the friction head is also caused by bends in the pipelines,
  changes in the pipe diameter, valves, and
  couplings.
    F - perte frictionnelle
    S - perdida de carga por rozamiento
 
 
FRUCTOSE(alc) (chem).  A FERMENTABLE sugar commonly found
  in fruit.   Fructose can be used as a FEEDSTOCK in ETHANOL
  production.
    F - fructose
    S - fructosa
 
FUEL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas).   The ratio of heat produced
  by a fuel for doing work to the available heat of the
  fuel.   Fuel EFFICIENCY is determined by the nonheat-forming
  materials in the fuel and the nonwork-producing heat
  that is developed by the fuel.
    F - rendement du combustible
    S - eficiencia del combustible
 
FUELWOOD (heat).  Any type of wood that can be used to fuel
  a fire.
    F - bois de chauffe
    S - lena
 
FULL SAIL (wind) (arc).  A COMMON SAIL with the cloth fully
  spread.
    F - aile deployee
    S - aspa completamente estirada
 
FUNGUS (bio).  One of numerous plants in the division of
  Thallophyta characterized by a lack of chlorophyll,
  including YEAST, molds, and mushrooms.  Fungi do not
  require FREE OXYGEN to survive.  (Plural:   fungi)
    F - champignon
    S - hongo
 
FURLING (wind).  Rollinq up and tying back SAILS of a
  WINDMILL to keep the ROTOR from turning.
    F - ferlage
    S - aferramiento
 
FURLING SPEED (wind).  (See:  CUT-OUT SPEED)
    F - vitesse de ferlage
    S - velocidad maxima admisible
                              G
              
GASAHOL (alc).  A gasoline substitute or supplement derived
  from 10 percent ETHANOL and 90 percent unleaded
  gasoline.   (Syn:  gasohol)
    F - carburol
    S - gasohol
 
GAS CAP (biocon).  (See:  GASHOLDER)
    F - cloche a gaz
    S - tapa de gas
 
GAS DIGESTION (biocon).  The second stage of BIOGAS generation,
  during which METHANE ([CH.sub.4]) is produced.
    F - digestion de gaz
    S - digestion de gas
 
GASHOLDER (biocon).  (1) A container for holding the BIOGAS
  produced in a DIGESTER.  The size of the holder depends
  on the rates of gas production and gas use.  (See also:
  FLOATING GAS CAP)
    F - gazometre
    S - gasometro
 
GASIFICATION (prod).  The conversion of wood or coal to
  COMBUSTIBLE GAS without leaving a combustible residue.
    F - gazeification
    S - gasificacion
 
GASIFIER (prod).  A special type of furnace in which the
  air supply to the COMBUSTION ZONE is carefully metered.
  This promotes the production of COMBUSTIBLE GASES as
  wood or coal are burned.
    F - gazogene
    S - gasificador
 
GAS PRODUCTION RATE (biocon) (meas).   The quantity of
  METHANE generated per unit of time.  It generally is
  expressed as cubic feet/day or cubic meters/day.  The
  figure should be quoted under standard conditions of
  temperature and pressure.
    F - taux de production du gaz
    S - tasa de produccion de gas
 
GAS SCRUBBER (gen).  (See:  SCRUBBING)
    F - epurateur de gaz
    S - lavagases
 
GAS STORAGE CAPACITY (biocon).   The maximum amount of
  METHANE that a BIOGAS DIGESTER is able to store.  The
  amount generally is expressed in cubic feet or cubic
  meters.
    F - capacite de stockage de gaz
    S - capacidad de almacenamiento de gas
GAS TURBINE
 
GAS TURBINE (auto).  An ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE in
  which a gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is
  directed against the BLADES of a TURBINE.  The ENERGY in
  the expanding gas is thereby converted into useful
  mechanical energy.
    F - turbine a gaz
    S - turbina de gas
 
GEAR RATIO (gen) (meas).  The number of revolutions required
  of one gear to turn another gear, which generally
  is of a different size.
    F - demultiplication
    S - relacion de los engranajes
 
GENERATOR (elec) (impl).  A device that converts mechanical
  ENERGY into electrical energy.
    F - generateur
    S - generador
 
GENGAS (prod).  (See:  PRODUCER GAS)
    F - gaz pauvre de gazogene
    S - gengas
 
GEOPRESSURED RESERVOIR (geo).   A GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR consisting
  of porous sands that contain water or BRINE at
  high temperatures and pressure.
    F - reservoir sous geopression
    S - tanque de presion geotermica
 
GEOTHERMAL (geo).  Of or relating to the heat of the
  Earth's interior.
    F - geothermique
    S - geotermico
 
GEOTHERMAL FIELD (geo).  A geographical region with known
  GEOTHERMAL POWER sources that might be tapped to produce
  ENERGY.
    F - zone geothermique
    S - zona geotermica
 
GEOTHERMAL POWER (geo).  ENERGY obtained from GEOTHERMAL
  sources.   Geothermal power is tapped in three ways:  by
  using hot water, steam, or DRY STEAM.  Each may be used
  to drive a TURBINE.
    F - energie geothermique
    S - energia geotermica
 
GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR (geo).  A water reserve created near a
  HOT DRY ROCK RESERVOIR to develop a potential GEOTHERMAL
  POWER site.
    F - reservoir geothermique
    S - tanque geotermico
 
GEOTHERMAL STEAM (geo).  Steam drawn from sources within
  the Earth.
    F - vapeur geothermique
    S - vapor geotermico
 
GEYSER (geo).  Natural steam or hot water spouts in active
  GEOTHERMAL regions.
    F - geyser
    S - geiser
                                      GRAVITY CONVECTION
 
GIN POLE (wind).  A long board or pipe used to improve the
  leverage in lifting a TOWER for a WINDMILL.
    F - fleche de levage
    S - mastil grua
 
GLAZING (impl) (sol).  A transparent sheet that admits sunlight
  to a SOLAR COLLECTOR and then inhibits the escape
  of heat.   Commonly used glazing materials include ACETATE,
  acrylic, fiber-reinforced plastics, and glass.
    F - vitrification
    S - vidriado
 
GLOBAL RADIATION (sol).  The combination of DIFFUSED RADIATION,
  DIRECT RADIATION, and REFLECTED RADIATION.  (See:
  SOLAR RADIATION)
    F - rayonnement global
    S - radiacion global
 
GLUCOSE (chem) (alc).  The most common sugar, which is
  derived from STARCH during the ETHANOL production
  process.
    F - glucose
    S - glucosa
 
GOBAR GAS (biocon).  (See:  BIOGAS)
    F - bio-gaz
    S - gas gobar
 
GOVERNOR (gen) (impl).  A device that regulates the speed
  of an engine or other device under varying conditions of
  load and pressure.  Also a device for regulating the FLOW
  or pressure of a FLUID passing through a device.
    F - regulateur
    S - regulador
 
GRAIN ALCOHOL (alc).  ETHANOL made from grain by
  DISTILLATION.
    F - alcool de grains
    S - alcohol de granos
 
GRAM CALORIE (gen).  The amount of ENERGY required to raise
  one gram of water one degree CELSIUS.
    F - calorie [2]
    S - caloria-gramo
 
GRAMLAXMI GAS (biocon).  (See:  BIOGAS)
    F - bio-gaz
    S - gas gramlaxmi
 
GRATE (impl) (heat).  A frame of metal bars that holds
  fuel above the floor of a firebox.  It usually is used in
  a boiler, GASIFIER, fireplace, or stove.
    F - grille
    S - parilla
 
GRAVITY CONVECTION heat).  (See:   NATURAL CONVECTION)
    F - convection par pesanteur
    S - conveccion por gravedad
GUIDE VANES
 
GUIDE VANES (hydr) (impl).  Surfaces that direct water to
  the appropriate parts of TURBINE BLADES or BUCKETS so as
  to increase POWER output.
    F - aubes directrices
    S - alabe director
GUSSET (constr) (wind).  A triangular metal brace for
  reinforcing a corner or angle.  It is commonly used in
  TOWER construction.
    F - gousset
    S - esquinero
 
GUST (wind).  A sudden, brief increase in WIND VELOCITY
  that is then followed by calmer air.
    F - rafale
    S - rafaga
 
GUYED TOWER (impl) (wind).  A WINDMILL TOWER that is
  supported by GUY WIRES.
    F - pylone haubanne
    S - torre atirantada
 
<FIGURE>

10p64.gif (393x393)


 
GUY WIRE (wind) (impl).  A cable that stabilizes a structure
  and keeps it in position.  For example, wires
  attached to a WINDMILL TOWER so that it cannot move or
  shake from the force of the wind.
    F - hauban
    S - retenida de alambre
                              H
 
HARNESS (ani).  The gear or tackle, other than a YOKE, used
  on draft animals to pull a vehicle or drive an implement.
  It differs from a yoke, which joins together draft
  animals.
    F - harnais
    S - arnes
 
<FIGURE>

10p65.gif (486x486)


 
HEAD (hydr) (meas).  [1] The vertical distance from the
  point where water enters an intake to the point where
  the water leaves a HYDROPOWER device.  It is generally
  measured in feet or meters.  The product of the head
  times the FLOW is a measurement of potential POWER.  [2]
  The vertical distance a liquid must be pumped from its
  source to its point of use or storage.
    F - chute d'eau [1]-[2]
    S - altura
 
<FIGURE>

10p66.gif (600x600)


 
HEADER (sol).  The pipe that runs across the top of an
  ABSORBER PLATE to gather or distribute HEAT TRANSFER
  FLUID from or to the grid pipes that run across the
  absorber surface.  Some headers run along the bottom of
  the absorber plate.
    F - entree-sortie
    S - tubo colector
 
HEADRACE
 
HEADRACE (hydr).  A CANAL or conduit that feeds water into
  a mill, WATER WHEEL, or TURBINE.
    F - bief d'amont
    S - canal de llegada
 
HEAD WATER (hydr).  The water upstream of a DAM or a
  HYDROPOWER plant.
    F - eau d'amont
    S - aguas arriba
 
HEAT CAPACITY (heat) (meas).   The amount of heat required
  to raise by one degree the temperature of a unit mass of
  a substance.
    F - capacite thermique
    S - capacidad calorifica
 
HEAT ENERGY (heat).  ENERGY in the form of heat.
    F - energie thermique
    S - energia calorifica
                                   HEAT TRANSFER FLUID
 
HEAT EXCHANGER (heat) (impl).   A device, such as a coiled
  copper tube immersed in a tank of water which is used
  to transfer heat from one FLUID to another through a
  separating wall.   A CONDENSER is one type of heat
  exchanger.
    F - echangeur de chaleur
    S - termopermutador
 
HEAT GAIN (heat).  The increase of heat in a space resulting
  from DIRECT RADIATION and from the heat given off by
  such other sources as THERMAL MASS, a stove, a fireplace,
  humans, or animals.
    F - apport de chaleur
    S - ganancia calorifica
 
HEATING VALUE (heat) (meas).   The amount of heat produced
  by the complete combustion of a specific amount of
  fuel.   This is a measure of FUEL EFFICIENCY.
    F - pouvoir calorifique
    S - valor calorifico
 
HEAT LOSS (heat).  An unwanted decrease in the amount of
  heat contained in a space.  Heat is usually lost through
  CONVECTION.
    F - perte de chaleur
    S - perdida calorifica
 
HEAT PUMP (heat) (impl).  A mechanical device that transfers
  heat from a heat source to a HEAT SINK.  This process
  causes the source to cool and the sink to become
  warmer.
    F - pompe a chaleur
    S - bomba calorifica
 
HEAT RATE TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (heat) (meas).   The rate at
  which heat is transferred per hour, per unit surface,
  per degree of temperature difference.
    F - coefficient de transmission de chaleur
    S - coeficiente de transferencia del consumo
        calorifico
 
 
HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS (sol).   A type of glass designed to
  reflect SOLAR RADIATION.
    F - verre a pouvoir reflechissant thermique
    S - vidrio reflector de calor
 
HEAT SINK (sol).  A body that is capable of accepting and
  storing heat.   It therefore may also act as a heat
  source.
    F - puits de chaleur
    S - sumidor de calor
 
HEAT TAX (heat).  Referring to the HEAT ENERGY that becomes
  unavailable for further use whenever ENERGY is converted
  from one form to another.
    F - chaleur perdue
    S - gravamen calorifico
 
HEAT TRANSFER FLUID (sol).  (See:  HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM)
    F - fluide caloporteur
    S - fluido de termotransferencia
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM
 
HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol).  The FLUID that is heated in a
  SOLAR COLLECTOR for conducting heat to another place or
  substance.
    F - caloporteur
    S - medio de termotransferencia
 
HELICAL SAIL WINDMILL (wind).   The name for a particular
  type of HORIZONTAL-AXIS, SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL.  It usually
  is used for low-lift water pumping.
    F - eolienne a ailes helicoidales
    S - molino con aspas helicoidales
 
HELIO-ELECTRICAL PROCESS (sol).   A process by which PHOTOVOLTAIC
  MODULES convert SOLAR ENERGY into electricity.
    F - processus helioelectrique
    S - proceso helioelectrico
 
HELIOSTAT (sol) (impl).  A solar-focusing instrument consisting
  of a mirror mounted on an AXIS that is moved by
  clockwork.   The heliostat reflects sunbeams in one direction,
  usually to a central ABSORBER located in a TOWER.
    F - heliostat
    S - heliostato
 
HELIOTHERMAL (sol).  [1] A process that uses SOLAR
  RADIATION to produce heat.  [2] A device that absorbs
  RADIATION on a blackened surface and converts it into
  heat.
    F - heliothermique
    S - heliotermico
 
HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS (sol).  A process by which SOLAR
  ENERGY is used to provide THERMAL ENERGY for space
  heating, space cooling, and domestic water heating.
    F - processus heliothermique
    S - proceso heliotermico
 
HELIOTHERMOMETER (sol) (meas).   An instrument that measures
  heat from the sun.
    F - heliothermometre
    S - heliotermometro
 
HELIOTROPIC (sol) (impl).  Turning toward light.  It
  describes devices that TRACK the sun, following its
  movement across the sky.
    F - heliotropique
    S - heliotropico
 
HORIZONTAL AIR MILL (wind) (arc).   (See:  HORIZONTAL-AXIS
  WINDMILL)
    F - moulin a vent a arbre horizontal
    S - molino de aire horizontal
HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR (wind).   A WIND MACHINE with
  cloth sails in which the WIND SHAFT is situated on a
  horizontal plane.
    F - eolienne a ailes en toile sur axe horizontal
    S - rotor de eje horizontal
                                                 HUMUS
 
HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL (wind).   A WINDMILL driven by a
  ROTOR on a horizontal WIND SHAFT.
    F - eolienne a arbre horizontal
    S - molino de eje horizontal
 
HORIZONTAL WATERMILL (hydr).   A WATERMILL driven by a
  horizontal wheel mounted on a vertical shaft.  (Syn:
  Greek Mill; Norse Mill)
    F - moulin a eau horizontal
    S - molino hidraulico horizontal
 
HORIZONTAL WATER WHEEL (hydr).   (See:  HORIZONTAL WATERMILL)
    F - roue hydraulique horizontale
    S - rueda hidraulica horizontal
 
HORSEPOWER (gen).  A unit of POWER equal to 33,000 FOOT
  POUNDS per minute, 550 foot pounds per second, or 746
  WATTS.
    F - cheval-vapeur
    S - potencia util
 
HOT DRY ROCK (geo) A system for using GEOTHERMAL POWER.   A
  hole is drilled and the deep rock cracked.  This may be
  done hydraulically, as is done in conventional oil
  fields, or with explosives.  Water is injected into the
  fractured rock, allowed to heat, and then withdrawn as
  steam for use as an ENERGY source.
    F - roche chaude et seche
    S - roca seca caliente
 
HOT WATER RESERVOIR (geo).  (See:  GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR)
    F - reservoir d'eau chaude
    S - tanque de agua caliente
 
HOUR ANGLE (sol) (meas).  The angular displacement of the
  sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation
  of the Earth on its AXIS at 15 [degrees] per hour (morning
  [+] afternoon [-]).
    F - angle horaire
    S - angulo hora
 
HUB EXTENSION (wind).  A piece of pipe that sticks out from
  the front of the hub of a ROTOR on a WINDMILL.  It provides
  a place to attach GUY WIRES to strengthen the
  BLADES or SAILS.
    F - rallonge de moyeu
    S - extension del cubo
 
HUMIDIFIER (gen).  A mechanical means for increasing the
  relative humidity in an enclosed area by injecting water
  vapor into the air.
    F - humidificateur
    S - humidificador
 
HUMUS (biocon).  Well-decomposed organic soil material consisting
  of the residues from plant and animal matter
  together with the cell substances of soil organisms and
  various inorganic materials.
    F - humus
    S - humus
HYBRID GENERATOR
 
HYBRID GENERATOR (biocon).  A two-stage BIOGAS DIGESTER
  design consisting of a larger batch-fed, ACID-producing,
  cold phase, and a smaller CONTINUOUS-FEED, METHANE-producing,
  heated phase.   Alternatively, any digester
  that separates acid and methane production.
    F - generateur hybride
    S - generador hibrido
 
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM (gen).  A system, such as one might
  find within a home, that derives its heating, lighting,
  and other ENERGY from several interconnected sources.
  One or more of these sources generally would come from
  RENEWABLE ENERGY.
    F - energie heterogene, systeme d'
    S - sistema de energia hibrida
 
HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM (sol).   A heating or cooling
  system that uses both ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING and PASSIVE
  SOLAR HEATING methods in its design.  At least one of the
  system's significant THERMAL ENERGY FLOWS is by natural
  means, and at least one is by forced means.
    F - energie solaire heterogene, systeme d'
    S - sistema de energia solar hibrida
 
HYDRATE (chem).  A solid material resulting from the
  combination under pressure of a gas with water.
    F - hydrate
    S - hidrato
 
HYDRAULIC RAM (hydr) (impl).   A water pump that uses the
  ENERGY of descending water to raise a part of the water
  to a height greater than that of the source.  It requires
  no other power than the energy from the descending
  water.
    F - belier hydraulique
    S - ariete hidraulico
 
<FIGURE>

10p70.gif (600x600)


                                                HYDROXYL
 
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas).   The number of
  days an average volume of SLURRY remains in a BIOGAS
  DIGESTER.
    F - duree de retention hydraulique
    S - periodo de retention hidraulica
 
HYDROELECTRIC (hydr).  Relative to a system in which the
  potential ENERGY of falling water is harnessed by
  releasing it from DAMS or through a PENSTOCK downward
  through WATER TURBINES.
    F - hydro-electrique
    S - hidroelectrico
 
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (hydr).  The cycle in which water passes
  through different states.  It begins as atmospheric water
  vapor.   It then becomes a liquid through precipitation.
  Next it flows along the ground surface, where it is useful
  as an energy source.  Finally, it returns to its
  original form through evaporation and transpiration.
    F - cycle hydrologique
    S - ciclo hidrologico
 
HYDROLOGY (hydr).  The science of water systems on or
  beneath the Earth's surface.
    F - hydrologie
    S - hidrologia
 
HYDROLYSIS (alc) (chem).  The chemical process that breaks
  complex organic molecules into simple molecules.  For
  example, STARCH and CELLULOSE can be hydrolyzed by ACIDS
  or ENZYMES to produce simple sugars, which can be FERMENTED
  to form ETHANOL.
    F - hydrolyse
    S - hidrolisis
 
HYDROMETER (impl) (meas).  An instrument used to determine
  the density or SPECIFIC GRAVITY of FLUIDS.
    F - hydrometre
    S - hidrometro
 
HYDROPOWER (hydr).  POWER produced by falling water.  The
  term is used to identify a type of electricity-generating
  station or any energy output in which the main mover
  is driven by FLOWing water.
    F - puissance hydraulique
    S - potencia hidraulica
 
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM (hydr).  A system in which the potential
  ENERGY of FLOWing water is used to create electricity or
  to mechanically drive machines, by impounding it behind
  DAMS and then diverting it through a CHANNEL to a WATER
  TURBINE.
    F - systeme de puissance hydraulique
    S - sistema de potencia hidraulica
 
<FIGURE>

10p72.gif (600x600)


 
HYDROXYL (biocon).  A monovalent group consisting of a
  hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom linked together.  Most
  BASES contain hydroxyl groups.  (See also:   BASE)
    F - hydroxyle
    S - hidroxilo
 
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
                                               HYGROMETER
 
HYGROMETER (impl) (meas) (sol).   A device for measuring the
  humidity of the air.  It is used in designing SOLAR
  HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
    F - hygrometre
    S - higrometro
 
                                 I
 
IMPERMEABLE DRY ROCK (geo).  Rock systems in GEOTHERMAL
  regions where the heat is contained almost entirely in
  impermeable rock.
    F - roche seche impermeable
    S - roca seca impermeable
 
IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr).  A TURBINE driven by high velocity
  JETS of water or steam that are produced by forcing the
  water or steam through a nozzle.
   F - turbine a action
   S - turbina de impulsion
 
<FIGURE>

10p74.gif (486x486)


 
INCIDENT ANGLE (sol) (hydr).   [1] The angle between the
  sun's rays and a line perpendicular (normal) to the
  irradiated surface.  The incident angle determines both
  the intensity of the DIRECT RADIATION component striking
  the surface and the ability of the surface to reflect,
  transmit, or ABSORB the sun's rays.  [2] In the case of
  HYDROPOWER devices, the angle between the water intake
  and a line perpendicular to the BUCKETS.
    F - angle d'incidence
    S - angulo incidente
 
INCIDENT RADIATION (sol) (meas).   The quantity of RADIANT
  ENERGY striking a surface per unit time and unit area.
    F - rayonnement incident
    S - radiacion de incidencia
                                     INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
 
INDIAN-TYPE DIGESTER (biocon).   A BIOGAS DIGESTER primarily
  designed to produce METHANE.  These digesters usually
  have FLOATING GAS CAPS.
    F - digesteur type indien
    S - digestor de tipo indio
 
<FIGURE>

10p75.gif (486x486)


 
INDIRECT CONVERSION (sol).  The indirect use of SOLAR
  ENERGY from such sources as solar-produced winds,
  thermal currents in air and water, and wave action.
    F - conversion indirecte
    S - conversion indirecta
 
INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY (sol).   A system in which SOLAR
  ENERGY is COLLECTED and used through mechanical means.
    F - energie solaire indirecte
    S - energia solar indirecta
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN
 
INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN (sol) .  A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
  in which heat is stored between the COLLECTING and the
  distributing surfaces (e.g., TROMBE WALL).
    F - apport solaire indirect
    S - ganancia solar indirecta
 
INDIRECT SOLAR HEATING (sol).   A method of solar heating in
  which SOLAR RADIATION is COLLECTED in FLAT PLATE or
  CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS that are mounted on a roof, a
  wall, or apart from a building.  Pumps or fans are used
  to circulate HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS through the collectors
  and then back to a heat storage medium.
    F - chauffage solaire indirect
    S - calefaccion solar indirecta
 
INDUCTION MOTOR (elec) (wind).   A common type of motor,
  which, when modified slightly and driven by the rotary
  action of a WINDMILL or TURBINE, provides ALTERNATING
  CURRENT (ac).
    F - moteur a induction
    S - motor de induccion
 
INFILTRATION (heat).  The unchecked movement of outdoor air
  into a building through cracks around windows and doors
  or in walls, roofs, and floors.  Infiltration generally
  refers to cold air during the winter and hot air during
  the summer.
    F - infiltration
    S - infiltracion
 
INFLUENT (biocon).  BIOMASS mixed with water for use in a
  BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - affluent
    S - influente
 
 
INFRARED RADIATION (sol).  Electromagnetic RADIATION from
  the sun or a warm body that has wavelengths longer than
  the red end of the visible spectrum.  Infrared radiation
  is experienced as heat.
    F - radiation infrarouge
    S - radiacion infraroja
 
INOCULATION (biocon).  Adding a SEED of ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
  to a BIOGAS GENERATOR.
    F - inoculation
    S - inoculacion
 
INOCULUM (biocon).  A sample of partially DIGESTED SLURRY,
  and its associated BACTERIA, that is added at the start
  of DIGESTION to a BIOGAS DIGESTER.  It provides sufficient
  micro-organisms for the digestion process to proceed
  at a satisfactory rate.  Without this seeding, there
  generally is a prolonged wait before a digester begins
  producing gas.   (Syn:  seed)
    F - inoculum
    S - inoculum
                                    ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN
 
INSOLATION (sol).  The rate at which ENERGY from the sun
  reaches the Earth's surface.  Insolation generally is
  measured in BTU/square feet (meters)/day.
    F - insolation
    S - insolacion
 
INSULATED STEAM COOKER (sol).   A small, insulated cooking
  box in which steam acts as the heating agent.  Water
  heated to steam by a SOLAR COLLECTOR flows into the box,
  condenses, and drips back into the COLLECTOR.
    F - rechaud a vapeur isole
    S - cocinilla aislada de vapor
 
INTEGRATED HEATING (sol).  A method of SOLAR HEATING in
  which SOLAR RADIATION is intercepted and absorbed by a
  massive exterior wall or roof pond, which usually
  doubles as a heat storage container.  Heat flows to the
  rooms by CONDUCTION, or natural CONVECTION.  This is a
  form of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
    F - chauffage integre
    S - calefaccion solar integrada
 
INTEGRATED SYSTEM (biocon).  A system in which the outputs
  of one activity are used as inputs in other related
  activities.   For example, a BIOGAS system in which the
  EFFLUENT is used as a nutrient to enrich an aquaculture
  environment.   In exchange, BIOMASS from the aquaculture
  may be used as INFLUENT to the DIGESTER.
    F - systeme integre
    S - sistema integrado
 
INVERTER (elec) (wind).  A device that converts DIRECT
  CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac).  It often is
  used with WIND GENERATORS.
    F - onduleur
    S - invertidor
 
IRRIGATION WHEEL (hydr).  (See:  NORIA)
    F - roue hydraulique d'irrigation
    S - rueda de irrigacion
 
ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN (sol).  A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING system
  in which heat is collected in one area to be used in
  another.   (See also:  SOLAR GREENHOUSE)
    F - apport solaire isole
    S - ganancia solar aislada
                             J
 
JACKET (prod) (impl).  An enclosure around a PRODUCER GAS
  GENERATOR through which cooling liquid flows.  (See also:
  WATER JACKET)
    F - chemise d'eau
    S - cubierta
 
JET (auto) (hydro).  A nozzle of a specific size that
  limits the FLOW of water to a TURBINE or the flow of
  fuel in a CARBURETOR.
    F - gicleur
    S - lanza
 
JET STREAM (wind).  Strong winds concentrated in a
  relatively narrow, shallow stream in the upper
  troposphere.
    F - jet-stream
    S - manga de aire
 
JIB SAILS (wind) (arc).  Triangular COMMON SAILS, set on
  radiating SPARS.
    F- clinfoc
    S- aspas triangulares
 
JOULE (meas).  A unit of ENERGY or work equal to one WATT
  per second or 0.737 foot pounds.
    F- Joule
    S- Joule
 
JOULE'S LAW (gen) (heat).  The law stating that:  [1] The
  rate at which heat is produced by a steady current in
  any part of an electric circuit is jointly proportional
  to the resistance and to the square of the current.  [2]
  The internal ENERGY of an ideal gas depends only on its
  temperature regardless of volume and pressure.
    F - loi de Joule
    S - ley de Joule
 
JUMPER (elec).  A length of wire, usually with clips on
  each end, for making temporary electrical connections.
    F - fil volant
    S - puente
                          K
 
KAPLAN TURBINE (hydr).  A propeller-type of WATER TURBINE
  with variable pitch BLADES that adjust automatically in
  accordance with the HEAD.
    F - turbine de Kaplan
    S - turbina Kaplan
 
<FIGURE>

10p79.gif (540x540)


 
KENAF (biocon).  An annual East Indian plant, which may be
  used effectively in BIOGAS production.
    F - kenaf
    S - hibiscus cannabinus
 
KILN (heat).  A high temperature oven, furnace, or heated
  enclosure used to process a substance by burning,
  firing, or drying.  Kilns often are described by the
  direction that air passes through them (i.e., UPDRAFT or
  DOWNDRAFT).
    F - four
    S - horno
 
KILOWATT (elec).  A unit of POWER equal to 1,000 WATTS or
  to ENERGY consumption at a rate of 1,000 JOULES per
  second.   It is usually used as a measure of electrical
  energy.   Commonly abbreviated as kW.
    F - kilowatt
    S - kilovatios
 
KILOWATT HOUR
 
KILOWATT HOUR (elec) (meas).   A unit of POWER consumption
  equal to the amount of power multiplied by the amount of
  time the power is used.  A 100-watt light bulb burning
  for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour of power.
    F - kilowattheure
    S - kilovatio-hora
 
KINETIC ENERGY (gen).  The ENERGY that a body possesses by
  virtue of its motion.
    F - energie cinetique
    S - energia cinetica
 
KNOT (wind).  A measure of WIND SPEED equal to one nautical
  mile per hour.   One knot equals 1.15 miles per hour.
    F - noeud
    S - nudo
 
                            L
 
LANGLEY (sol) (meas).  A unit of SOLAR RADIATION intensity,
  equal to 1.0 gram CALORIE per square centimeter.
    F - langley
    S - langley
 
LATITUDE (gen) (meas).  An angular position north or south
  of the equator, measured in degrees along a meridian of
  a point.
    F - latitude
    S - latitud
 
LEADING EDGE (wind).  The vertical edge of a WINDMILL BLADE
  that lies on the side towards which the blade moves.  The
  opposite edge is called the TRAILING EDGE.
    F - arete avant
    S - borde anterior
 
LIFE-CYCLE COSTING (gen) (meas).   A method for estimating
  the comparative costs of ALTERNATIVE ENERGY or other
  systems.   Life-cycle costing takes into consideration
  such long-term costs as ENERGY consumption, maintenance,
  and repair.
    F - evaluation du cycle de vie
    S - calculo del coste de la vida util
 
LIFT (wind).  The aerodynamic force that "pulls" the BLADES
  of a WINDMILL and causes them to rotate.
    F - portance
    S - impulsion
 
LIFT COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas).   The ratio of LIFT forces
  to FLOW forces.
    F - coefficient de portance
    S - coeficiente de impulsion
 
LIFT-TYPE DEVICES (wind).  WIND MACHINES that provide aerodynamic
  LIFT in a wind stream.
    F - eoliennes a portance
    S - aparatos impulsores
 
LIME (chem).  A white powder composed of calcium oxide that
  forms a highly ALKALINE solution when mixed with water.
  It is used in various ways, including as a means to
  increase the pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) of MASH in ALCOHOL
  STILLS or BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
    F - chaux
    S - cal
 
LIME KILN (chem).  A KILN used to make LIME from coral or
  limestone.
    F - four a chaux
    S - horno de cal
LIMEWATER
 
LIMEWATER (biocon) (chem).  A CALCIUM HYDROXIDE solution
  often used as a gas SCRUBBER.
    F - eau de chaux
    S - agua de cal
 
LINED FIREBOX (gen).  A firebox fitted with special insulating
  material.
    F - chambre de combustion garnie
    S - caja de fuego revestida
 
LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM (sol).   A SOLAR HEATING
  system in which a liquid HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM is heated
  in SOLAR COLLECTORS.  The liquid generally is either
  water or an antifreeze solution.
    F - chauffage solaire a liquide, systeme de
    S - sistema de energia solar a base de liquidos
 
LIQUID SLURRY (biocon).  SLURRY comprising less than 10
  percent solid material.
    F - boue liquide
    S - fango liquido
 
LIQUID-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol).   (See:  LIQUID-BASED SOLAR
  HEATING SYSTEM)
    F - capteur a liquide
    S - colector de tipo liquido
 
LIVE CURB (wind) (arc).  The circular timber rim or wall
  plate supporting a WINDMILL CAP that revolves on ROLLERS
  or WHEELS.
    F - chemin de roulement
    S - soporte movil
 
LOAD (elec) (meas).  The output of one or several electric
  machines or transformers.  Load also denotes the POWER
  carried by a particular circuit.
    F - charge
    S - carga
 
LOADING RATE (biocon) (meas).   The amount of BIOMASS added
  to a DIGESTER over a specific period of time.
    F - taux de charge
    S - velocidad de carga
 
LOLLY AXIS (wind).  (See:  YAW AXIS)
    F - axe de lacet
    S - eje de relingar
 
LORENA STOVE (biocon).  An inexpensive, yet efficient, cook
  stove made of a sand, clay, and water mixture known as
  "lorena."
    F - cuisiniere lorena
    S - estufa lorena
 
<FIGURE>

10p83.gif (486x486)


 
LOW HEAD TURBINE (hydr).  A WATER TURBINE that is designed
  to function with a low HEAD.
    F - turbine pour chutes faibles
    S - turbina de poco desnivel
                                                           LUFF
 
LUFF (wind).  To turn the BLADES of a WINDMILL into the
  wind so they will rotate.
    F - lofer
    S - cenir el viento
 
                              M
 
MAGNESITE BRICK (constr) (sol).   A masonry brick to which
  magnesium or similar material has been added to darken
  the color of the brick and increase its THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
  and ABSORPTANCE.
    F - brique a la magnesite
    S - ladrillo de magnesita
 
MAGNETO (elec).  A small, permanent-magnet, electric
  GENERATOR capable of producing periodic high voltage
  impulses.
    F - magneto
    S - magneto
 
MAGNOUS EFFECT (wind).  An effect whereby a spinning CYLINDER
  exposed to the wind produces a horizontal force.
  This effect has been used to enable experimental WIND
  MACHINES to POWER small boats.
    F - effet magnus
    S - efecto de fuerza horizontal
 
MALT (alc).  Sprouted grain that contains ENZYMES to convert
  STARCH to sugar.  Special varieties of barley are
  frequently used to produce malt.
    F - malt
    S - malta
 
MANOMETER (biocon) (meas).  A device used to measure gas
  pressure.   It may be used to monitor gas pressure in a
  BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - manometre
    S - manometro
 
MANTLE (biocon) (impl).  A cloth MEMBRANE in which gases
  are collected and burned to create light through
  incandescence.
    F - manchon a incandescence
    S - manteleta
 
MARSH GAS (biocon).  METHANE.  Decaying ORGANIC MATTER at
  the bottom of a marsh or pond will produce bubbles of
  methane gas when stirred.
    F - gaz des marais
    S - gas de los pantanos
 
MASH (alc).  A mixture of water and crushed grains or other
  FEEDSTOCKS that can be FERMENTED to produce ETHANOL.
    F - mout
    S - mezcla
 
MASH COMPOSITION (alc).  The materials making up the MASH
  in an ALCOHOL STILL.
    F - composition du mout
    S - malta empastada
                                                METHANE
 
MASONITE (constr).  Trademark name for a thin board made
  of compressed wood fibers.  It is useful as a backing for
  SOLAR REFLECTORS.
    F - masonite
    S - masonite
 
 
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas).   The maximum amount of
  water that can FLOW past a point during a given period
  of time.   This measurement is used to evaluate the HYDROPOWER
  potential of a site.
    F - debit maximum
    S - velocidad maxima de flujo
 
MEADOW MILL (hydr).  A small, untended WATERMILL used for
  drainage.
    F - moulinet de campagne
    S - molino de pradera
 
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (gen) (meas).   The factor by which a
  machine multiplies any applied force.
    F - effet mecanique
    S - rendimiento mecanico
 
MECHANICAL TURBULENCE (wind).   Erratic air movement caused
  by such obstructions as trees or buildings.
    F - turbulence mecanique
    S - turbulencia mecanica
 
MEGAWATT (elec) (meas).  One million WATTS.
    F - megawatt
    S - megavatio
 
MEMBRANE (alc).  A sheet polymer or thin biological tissue
  capable of separating liquid solutions.  Membranes are
  sometimes used in the ALCOHOL DISTILLATION process.
    F - membrane
    S - membrana
 
MERIDIONAL WIND (wind).  The wind or wind component along
  the local meridian.
    F - vent meridien
    S - viento meridional
 
MESOPHYLLIC BACTERIA (biocon).   BACTERIA that thrive best
  at temperatures of 70-104 [degrees] F (21-40 [degrees] C) and are useful in
  producing BIOGAS.
    F - bacteries mesophyliennes
    S - bacteria mesofilica
 
METHANATION (biocon).  A process of converting to METHANE
  the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide present in synthetic
  gas.
    F - methanisation
    S - metanacion
 
METHANE (biocon) (chem).  An odorless, colorless gas (C[H.sub.4]),
  nearly insoluble in water, which burns with a pale,
  faintly luminous flame to produce water and carbon
  dioxide (or carbon monoxide if oxygen is deficient).
  (See also:   MARSH GAS) (Syn:   BIOGAS)
    F - methane
    S - metano
METHANE CONVERSION
 
METHANE CONVERSION (biocon).   The production of METHANE
  through BIOCONVERSION.
    F - conversion du methane
    S - conversion de metano
 
METHANE DIGESTER (biocon).  A device that converts BIOMASS
  into METHANE and Fertilizer through biological activity.
  (See also:   BIOGAS DIGESTER)
    F - digesteur au methane
    S - digestor de metano
 
METHANE GAS (biocon) (chem).   (See:  METHANE)
  F - gaz de methane
  S - gas de metano
 
METHANE GENERATION (biocon).   (See:  BIOGAS DIGESTER)
  F - production du methane
  S - produccion de metano
 
METHANE PLANT (biocon).  (See:  BIOGAS DIGESTER; METHANE)
  F - generateur a methane
  S - instalacion de metano
 
METHANOGENIC BACTERIA (bio) (biocon).   BACTERIA that generate
  METHANE (i.e., those that are responsible for the
  "second step" of DIGESTION).  (See also:  ANAEROBIC
  DIGESTION)
    F - bacteries methanogenes
    S - bacteria metanogenica
 
METHANOL (alc).  A light, VOLATILE, flammable, poisonous
  liquid ALCOHOL (C[H.sub.3]OH) formed in the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
  of wood or made synthetically.  METHANOL is
  used especially as a solvent, antifreeze, or DENATURANT
  for ETHANOL, and in the synthesis of other chemicals.  It
  is also used increasingly as a fuel.  (Syn:   methyl
  alcohol or wood alcohol)
    F - methanol
    S - metanol
 
METHYL ALCOHOL (alc).  (See:  METHANOL)
  F - alcool methylique
  S - alcohol metilico
 
MICROFLORA MICRO-ORGANISMS (bio) (biocon).   The microscopic
  organisms, chiefly BACTERIA in this context, that
  are responsible for ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
    F - micro-organismes de la flore microbienne
    S - microorganismos de microflora
 
MICROHYDRO (hydr).  Small-scale, water-powered systems that
  may be used to produce mechanical POWER or less than 100
  KILOWATTS of electricity.  They commonly are used for
  homes, farms, or small industries.
    F - microcentrales hydrauliques
    S - microhidro
 
<FIGURE>

10p87.gif (600x600)


                                               MIXING TANK
 
MILL (gen) (hydr) (wind).  A device to grind grain and
  cereals.   Also used colloquially to describe a WINDMILL,
  WATER WHEEL, or WATER MILL.
    F - moulin
    S - molino
 
MILL RACE (hydr).  A CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER
  WHEEL.
    F - bief de moulin
    S - caz
 
MINIHYDRO (hydr).  HYDROPOWER units that produce 100-1000
  KILOWATTS.
    F - minicentrales hydrauliques
    S - minihidro
 
MINIMUM FLOW RATE (hydr) (meas).   The least amount of water
  that will FLOW past a given point at any time.  This
  measurement is used to help evaluate the HYDROPOWER
  potential of a site.
    F - debit minimum
    S - velocidad minime de flujo
 
MISCIBLE (chem).  Capable of being mixed in any proportion.
    F - miscible
    S - miscible
 
MIXING TANK (biocon) (impl).   A chamber in which BIOMASS is
  mixed with water to form SLURRY for a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - reservoir de melange
    S - cuba de mezcla
 
MOLECULAR SIEVE
 
MOLECULAR SIEVE (alc).  A STILL COLUMN that separates
  molecules by selectively ADSORPING them on the basis of
  size.
    F - tamis moleculaire
    S - criba por accion molecular
 
MONOSACCHARIDE (alc).  SUGAR derived from STARCH and
  CELLULOSE that can be converted to ETHANOL.
    F - monosaccharide
    S - monosacarido
 
MOUNTAIN AND VALLEY WINDS (wind).   A system of daily winds
  prevailing in calm, clear weather along the width of a
  valley.   The winds blow uphill and upvalley by day and
  downhill and downvalley by night.
    F - vents des monts et des vallees
    S - vientos de las montanas y aldeas
 
MULTIBLADE WINDMILL (wind).  A WINDMILL that has a large
  number of BLADES.  It generally is used to pump water.
    F - eolienne a ailes multiples
    S - molino de multiaspas
 
MULTIVANE WINDMILL (wind).  A WINDMILL having more than one
  TAIL.
    F - eolienne a empennages multiples
    S - molino de multiples puntas
                                 N
 
NACELLE (wind).  The portion of a wind electric conversion
  machine that houses the electricity generating
  equipment.
    F - carter
    S - barquilla
 
NATURAL CONVECTION (heat).  The natural CONVECTION of heat
  through the FLUID in a body that occurs when warm, less
  dense fluid rises and cold, dense fluid sinks under the
  influence of gravity.  (Syn:   gravity convection)
    F - convection naturelle
    S - conveccion natural
 
NET AREA (sol) (meas).  The area of the opening of a SOLAR
  COLLECTOR, through which SOLAR RADIATION may pass.
    F - fenetre d'entree
    S - superficie neta
 
NET ENERGY CONSUMPTION (gen) (meas).   (See:  ENERGY
  CONSUMPTION)
    F - consommation nette d'energie
    S - consumo neto de energia
 
NIGHT SKY RADIATION (sol).  A method of cooling through
  RADIANT ENERGY exchange.  Relatively warm surfaces are
  exposed directly to the colder night sky to which they
  radiate the heat they collected during the day.
    F - rayonnement diffus nocturne
    S - radiacion del cielo nocturno
 
NIGHT SOIL (bio).  Human excreta with or without flush
  water, which may be used as FEEDSTOCK for a BIOGAS
  DIGESTER.
    F - vidanges
    S - defecaciones humanas
 
NOCTURNAL RADIATION (sol).  (See:  NIGHT SKY RADIATION)
    F - rayonnement nocturne
    S - radiaciones nocturnas
 
NORIA (hydr) (arc).  A vertical WATER WHEEL that is turned
  by water current.  Containers attached to its rim LIFT
  water for irrigation.
    F - noria
    S - noria
                               O
 
OCEAN THERMAL GRADIENTS (oceans).   The temperature difference
  between deep and surface water in the ocean.  These
  temperature variations may be used as an ALTERNATIVE
  ENERGY SOURCE.
    F - gradients de temperature oceaniques
    S - termogradientes oceanicos
OCEAN THERMAL POWER (ocean).   ENERGY acquired from differences
  in temperatures at different depths in the ocean.
    F - energie thermique des mers
    S - termopotencia oceanica
 
OCEAN TIDAL POWER (ocean).  The production of electricity
  by harnessing ocean tidal movements through the use of
  adjustable-BLADE WATER TURBINES or other devices.
    F - energie maremotrice
    S - energia oceanica
 
OFFSHORE WINDS (wind).  Winds blowing seaward from the
  coast.
    F - vents de terre
    S - vientos terrales
 
OHM'S LAW (elec).  The law stating that for any circuit the
  electric current is proportional to the voltage and
  inversely proportional to the resistance.
    F - loi d'ohm
    S - ley de ohmio
 
ONSHORE WINDS (wind).  Winds blowing shoreward from the
  sea.
    F - vents du large
    S - vientos del mar
 
OPERATING FLOW (hydr) (meas).   The FLOW rate needed by a
  HYDROPOWER device to operate at its rated LOAD level.
    F - debit nominal
    S - flujo de operacion
 
ORGANIC MATTER (gen).  Materials of animal or vegetable
  origin.
    F - matieres organiques
    S - materia organica
 
ORGANIC WASTE (bio).  Residues derived from living organisms.
  Organic wastes may be used as FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS
  DIGESTERS.   (See also:  BIOMASS)
    F - dechets organiques
    S - desperdicios organicos
                                     OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL
 
ORIENTATION (sol).  The arrangement of windows on a building
  or solar device along a given AXIS to face in a
  direction best suited to absorb SOLAR RADIATION.  This is
  an essential element in planning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
  systems for homes and other buildings.
    F - exposition
    S - orientacion
 
OSMOSIS (gen).  The process by which a solvent is DIFFUSED
  through a semipermeable MEMBRANE into a more
  CONCENTRATED solution.
    F - osmose
    S - osmosis
 
OVERFLOW WEIR (hydr).  (See:  WEIR)
    F - deversoir de trop-plein
    S - vertedero de superficie
 
OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr).   A WATER WHEEL powered by a
  HEADRACE that discharges over the outer circumference of
  the wheel.   (Syn:  overshot gravity wheel)
    F - roue en dessus
    S - rueda hidraulica de admision superior
 
<FIGURE>

10p91.gif (486x486)


                          P
 
PACKED COLUMN (alc).  A type of STILL COLUMN or pipe that
  is used in ALCOHOL DISTILLATION.  It is filled with such
  material as metal filings, plastic, or glass beads.
  Packed columns increase ALCOHOL yields by providing continuous
  redistillation of the ALCOHOL VAPOR as it moves
  up the still column.
    F - colonne garnie
    S - columna compacta
 
PANEMONE (wind).  A VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE, generally
  a DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE, that can react to winds from
  any direction.
    F - panemone
    S - molino de eje vertical
 
PARABOLA (sol). The geometrically-curved shape used in the
  design of SOLAR COOKERS to focus sunlight on a single
  point.   A parabola is based on a family of quadratic
  curves.
    F - parabole
    S - parabola
 
PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COOKER (sol).   A SOLAR COOKER that
  uses a PARABOLIC DISH to focus sunlight.
    F - cuiseur solaire a miroir concave
    S - cocina parabolica concentrante
 
PARABOLIC DISH (sol).  A SOLAR ENERGY device shaped like a
  dish or bowl, with the characteristics of a PARABOLA.  It
  focuses sunlight on a point or a very small area.
    F - parabolique solaire
    S - plato parabolico
 
PARABOLIC MIRROR (sol).  A device with a large, shiny,
  curved surface that focuses SOLAR RADIATION on a
  specific point, such as a cooking vessel, for heating or
  boiling.
    F - miroir parabolique
    S - espejo parabolico
 
 
PASCAL'S LAW (gen).  The law stating that pressure applied
  to a confined FLUID at any point is transmitted throughout
  the fluid in all directions.  The pressure acts upon
  every part of the confining vessel at right angles to
  its interior surfaces, acting equally upon equal areas.
    F - loi de Pascal
    S - ley de Pascal
 
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN (sol).  An architectural design that
  makes use of the structural elements of a building to
  heat or cool spaces in the building.
    F - systeme solaire passif
    S - diseno solar pasivo
                                             PELTON WHEEL
 
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING (sol).   The SOLAR HEATING of a building
  by use of architectural design, without the aid of
  mechanical equipment.
    F - chauffage solaire passif
    S - calefaccion solar pasiva
 
PATENT SAIL (wind) (arc).  A SAIL fitted with SHUTTERS
  that are controlled automatically.
    F - aile a volets
    S - aspa patente
 
PATHOGENIC ORGANISM (bio).  (See:  PATHOGENS)
    F - organisme pathogene
    S - organismos patogenicos
 
PATHOGENS (bio).  Harmful micro-organisms, such as BACTERIA
  and viruses.    Pathogens may be found in human, animal,
  and other wastes, and help spread disease.
    F - microbes pathogenes
    S - patogenos
 
PEAK WATT (sol) (meas) (elec).   Unit used for the performance
  rating of PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS.  A system rated
  at one peak watt will deliver one WATT at the specified
  working voltage under peak SOLAR IRRADIATION.
    F - watt-crete
    S - vatio maximo
 
PEAT (bio) (biocon).  Partially decomposed ORGANIC MATTER
  formed in marshes and swamps.  Dried peat is useful as a
  fuel.
    F - tourbe
    S - turba
 
PEBBLE BED (sol).  A large bin of uniformly-sized pebbles
  that is used to store heat in SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR
  COOLING systems.  A pebble bed is one type of HEAT SINK.
    F - lit de galets
    S - lecho de gravilla
 
PEDAL POWER (gen).  Mechanical or electrical POWER generated
  by the use of a bicycle-gearing apparatus.   Pedal
  power may be used for buffing, lathing, grinding grain
  or meat, operating a potter's wheel, driving a small
  GENERATOR, turning a sharpening stone, operating a corn
  sheller, and other applications.
    F - energie par pedalier
    S - potencia generada por pedal
 
PEDAL-POWER UNIT (impl).  (See:  PEDAL POWER; DYNAPOD)
    F - appareil a entrainement par pedales
    S - unidad de potencia-pedal
 
PELTON WHEEL (hydr).  An IMPULSE WATER TURBINE in which the
  pressure of the water supply is concentrated through a
  few stationary nozzles.  The JETS of water strike the
  BUCKETS, which are mounted on the RUNNER.  Pelton wheels
  usually are limited to installations with HEADS that
  exceed 500 feet, or about 160 meters.  (Syn:   Pelton
  turbine)
    F - roue Pelton
    S - rueda Pelton
 
<FIGURE>

10p94a.gif (486x486)


 
PENSTOCK
 
PENSTOCK (hydr).   A water conduit from a DAM to a
  TURBINE or WATER WHEEL.  (See also:   CHANNEL)
    F - conduite forcee
    S - paradera de caz
 
<FIGURE>

10p94b.gif (486x486)


                                      PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
 
pH (chem) (meas).  Potential hydrogen.  The symbol that
  denotes a measurement of the effective hydrogen ion
  CONCENTRATION.   On a scale of 0 to 14, 7 represents
  neutrality.   Numbers less then 7 indicate increasing
  ACIDITY.   Numbers greater than 7 indicate increasing
  ALKALINITY of a solution.
    F - pH
    S - pH
 
PHOTOMETER (sol) (meas).  A device that measures the
  intensity of light.
    F - photometre
    S - fotometro
 
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol). A number of PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
  that are electrically connected in a series and/or in
  parallel so as to provide the desired POWER and
  voltage.   The modules are mounted on a sturdy framework
  that generally faces the equator.  The array may be
  tailored to the requirements of a particular application
  and location.   Such an array is valuable because it can
  generate electricity from sunlight without the use of
  moving mechanical parts.
    F - chapelet de photopiles
    S - conjunto fotovoltaico
 
<FIGURE>

10p95.gif (437x437)


 
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (sol).  A SOLAR ENERGY device that
  changes light into electrical ENERGY.  The cell is a
  small square or circular wafer made of treated SILICON
  or other semiconductor material.
    F - cellule photovoltaique
    S - celula fotovoltaica
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER
 
PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER (sol).   (See:  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
    F - convertisseur photovoltaique
    S - convertidor fotovoltaico
 
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE (sol).  The basic building block of a
  PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY, which consists of a number of
  interconnected SOLAR CELLS.
    F - module photovoltaique
    S - modulo fotovoltaico
 
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL (sol).  (Syn:  PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE)
    F - panneau photovoltaique
    S - panel fotovoltaico
 
PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS (sol).  A process by which light rays
  are converted directly into electrical ENERGY.
    F - conversion photovoltaique
    S - proceso fotovoltaico
 
PITCH (wind) (meas).  The angle between the BLADE surface
  and the ANGLE OF ATTACK in a WINDMILL.
    F - pas
    S - paso
 
PITCH-BACK WATER WHEEL (hydr).   An OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL in
  which the trough carrying water to the wheel is modified
  to discharge onto the near side of the wheel, thus
  reversing the normal direction of rotation.
    F - roue hydraulique a jet inverse
    S - rueda hidraulica de engranaje
 
PIT KILN (heat).  A KILN made from a hole that is dug in
  the ground.
    F - four en terre
    S - horno de foso
 
PLUG FLOW GENERATOR (biocon) (impl).   A BIOGAS DIGESTER
  with no mechanical agitation through which the SLURRY
  passes along in more or less discrete "plugs," creating
  a cycle of "first in-first out."  The EFFLUENT is then
  theoretically composed only of older slurry.  The plug
  flow design differs from traditional designs, in which
  all slurry is purposely mixed together in a single pit
  or tank.
    F - generateur a effet bouchon
    S - generador de flujo
 
POLL ENDS (arc) (wind).  (See:  CANISTER)
    F - bouts de mats
    S - puntas
 
POLYSACCHARIDE (chem).  (See:  STARCH)
    F - polysaccharide
    S - polisacarido
 
POLYURETHANE FOAM (constr).  A very lightweight plastic or
  other synthetic insulating material.
    F - mousse de polyurethanne
    S - espuma de poliuretano
                                  POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
 
POLYVINYL ACETATE (chem) (sol).  A clear plastic made of
  CELLULOSE ACETATE and used as GLAZING on SOLAR
  COLLECTORS.
    F - acetate de polyvinyle
    S - acetato de polivinilo
 
PONCELET WHEEL (hydr).  An UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL made with
  curved metal BLADES.
    F - roue Poncelet
    S - rueda hidraulica Poncelet
 
<FIGURE>

10p97.gif (437x437)


 
POST MILL (wind) (arc).  This  is the earliest type of
  European WINDMILL. The body of the windmill is balanced
  on a large post and trestle.  The entire body revolves to
  turn the BLADES into the wind.
    F - moulin pivot
    S - molino de poste
 
<FIGURE>

10p98.gif (437x437)


 
POTENTIAL HYDROGEN (chem) (meas).   (See:  pH)
  F - potentiel d'hydrogene
  S - potencial de hidrogeno
 
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (meas).   A measurement of gas pressure.
  Commonly abbreviated as psi.
    F - livres par pouce carre
    S - libras/[pulgada.sup.2]
 
POWER
 
POWER (gen).   The rate at which ENERGY is consumed or
  produced.
    F - puissance
    S - potencia
 
POWER COEFFICIENT (wind) (meas).   The ratio of the POWER
  extracted by a WIND MACHINE ROTOR to the power available
  in a wind stream.
    F - coefficient de puissance
    S - coeficiente de potencia
 
POWER DENSITY (wind) (meas).   The amount of POWER per unit
  of a cross-sectional area of a wind stream.
    F - puissance volumique
    S - densidad de potencia
                                          PRODUCER GAS
 
PRECULTURE (alc).  A method for reducing the time and
  increasing the EFFICIENCY of FERMENTATION.  The preculture
  process involves CONCENTRATING the ALCOHOL-producing
  YEAST before introducing it into the FERMENTATION
  TANK.
    F - preculture
    S - precultivo
 
PREPARED ORGANIC WASTE (biocon).   BIOMASS mixed with water
  for use in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.  (Syn:   SLURRY)
    F - dechets organiques prepares
    S - desperdicio organico preparado
 
PREVAILING WIND (wind).  The direction from which the wind
  blows most often. This is an important consideration in
  selecting a site for a WINDMILL.
    F - vent dominant
    S - viento dominante
 
PRODUCER GAS (prod).  A combination of COMBUSTIBLE GASES
  created through the combustion of wood or coal in a
  controlled-air environment.  Producer gas may be used to
  drive gasoline or diesel engines.
    F - gaz de gazogene
    S - gas pobre
 
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
 
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR (gen).   A furnace in which COMBUSTIBLE
  GASES are produced for use as a fuel.
    F - gazogene
    S - generador de gas pobre
 
<FIGURE>

10p99.gif (486x486)


 
PROOF (alc) (meas).  A unit measurement of the strength of
  ALCOHOL.   The proof is twice the percentage of the alcohol
  in the liquid.   Alcohol that is 90 proof contains 45
  percent alcohol.  (See also:   PROOF-GALLON)
    F - degre en alcool
    S - graduacion normal
 
PROOF-GALLON (alc) (meas).  A standard U.S. gallon of a
  mixture that is 50 percent ALCOHOL and 50 percent water
  (i.e., that is 100 proof).  An alcohol/water mixture that
  contains a different ratio of each may be translated
  into proof-gallons by moving the decimal point of the
  proof two places to the left and multiplying by the
  total number of gallons of the mixture.
    F - proof-gallon
    S - proof-gallon
 
PSI (meas).  Abbreviation for POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
    F - psi
    S - lb/[pulg.sup.2]
 
PYRANOMETER (meas) (sol).  A device that measures total
  GLOBAL RADIATION.
    F - pyranometre
    S - piranometro
 
PYROHELIOMETER (meas) (sol).   An instrument that measures
  SOLAR RADIATION from the sun, or from a small portion of
  the sky that surrounds the sun.
    F - pyroheliometre
    S - piroheliometro
 
PYROLYSIS (chem).  The DECOMPOSITION of a substance
  subjected to very high heat.
    F - pyrolyse
    S - pirolisis
 
                        Q
 
QUAD (meas).  One quadrillion BTUs.  It is expressed as
  either [10.sup.15] or 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTus.  A quad is
  used to measure any large unit of energy such as wood,
  gasoline, coal, etc.  For example, a quad can be used to
  describe the amount of THERMAL ENERGY that is potentially
  available from burning a certain acreage of trees in
  WOODSTOVES.
    F - quad
    S - cuad
 
QUARTERING (wind).  The action of turning a WINDMILL broadside
  to the WIND.
    F - larguage
    S - venteo
                            R
 
RACE (hydr).  An AQUEDUCT or CHANNEL that carries water to
  and from the place where it is used to drive a HYDROPOWER
  device.
    F - chenal
    S - canal de trabajo
 
RADIAL FLOW (hydr).  A type of HYDROPOWER device in which
  the water flows out radially from the power shaft.  (See
  also: FRANCIS TURBINE)
    F - ecoulement radial
    S - flujo radial
 
RADIANT ENERGY (sol).  ENERGY in the form of electromagnetic
  waves that travels outward in all directions from
  its source.
    F - energie rayonnante
    S - energia radiante
 
 
RADIANT PANELS (sol).  SOLAR COLLECTORS with integral passages
  for the FLOW of HEAT TRANSFER FLUID.  Heat from the
  fluid is conducted into a room or building by THERMAL
  RADIATION.
    F - panneaux rayonnants
    S - paneles radiantes
 
RADIATION (sol).  Electromagnetic waves that directly
  transport ENERGY through space.  Sunlight is a form of
  radiation.
    F - rayonnement
    S - radiacion
 
RATED POWER CAPACITY (wind) (meas).   The expected POWER
  output of a WIND MACHINE. It is equal to either the
  maximum power of the machine or to an output at some
  WIND SPEED less than the maximum speed, but at which
  GOVERNING controls start to reduce the power.
    F - puissance nominale
    S - capacidad de potencia tasada
 
RATED WIND SPEED (meas) (wind).   The WIND SPEED at which a
  WIND MACHINE delivers its RATED POWER CAPACITY.
    F - vitesse nominale du vent
    S - velocidad eolica tasada
 
RATE LIMITING STEP (biocon). Whichever stage in the ANAERIOBIC
  process that is slowest. Since each step
  in the digestion process requires the preceeding one to
  be completed before it can begin, the overall gas production
  rate is limited by the slowest step.
    F - stage limitant la cadence
    S - etapa de velocidad limitadora
                                               RECTIFIER
 
RAW SLUDGE (biocon).  Fresh, undried, uncomposted EFFLUENT
  from a DIGESTER.  Also residue in the same condition from
  the bottom of a digester.
    F - boues brutes
    S - cienos sin tratar
 
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION (wind).   Standard WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
  that is useful in wind site analysis.  It is a
  probability density function that allows one to model
  the wind speed distribution based on a single input
  parameter.   (See also:  WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION)
    F - distribution de Rayleigh
    S - distribucion de Rayleigh
 
REACTION TURBINE (hydr).  A WATER TURBINE that uses the
  mass or weight of water hitting the RUNNER as opposed to
  being driven by the velocity of the water.
    F - turbine a reaction
    S - turbina a reaccion
 
REACTION WATER WHEEL (hydr).   A WATER WHEEL that uses the
   mass or weight of water falling onto it rather than the
  FLOW.
    F - roue hydraulique a reaction
    S - rueda hidraulica reactiva
 
RECIPROCATING ENGINE (hydr).   A device that converts the
  potential ENERGY in a FLUID to mechanical energy by
  expanding the FLUID against a piston.
    F - moteur a pistons
    S - maquina alternativa
 
RECIPROCATING PUMP (wind).  A type of water pump commonly
  used with WINDMILLS.  Motion and pressure are applied to
  the water by a piston moving up and down in a CYLINDER.
  The piston is powered by the WINDMILL.
    F - pompe alternative
    S - bomba aspirante e impelente
 
RECLAIMED OIL (heat).  (See:  USED OIL)
    F - huile de recuperation
    S - aceite recuperado
 
RECOVERED ENERGY (gen).  Heat or other ENERGY that normally
  would be lost during a process, but instead is captured
  and reused.   For example, FLUE gases may be used for
  drying purposes.
    F - energie recuperee
    S - energia recobrada
 
RECTIFIER [1] (alc) (impl).  A second column on an ALCOHOL
  STILL that is used to further remove water from the
  ALCOHOL VAPOR, thus increasing the PROOF of the alcohol.
  This increase in CONCENTRATION is achieved by the
  repeated interaction of the rising vapor with the liquid
  DISTILLATE.   [2] (elec).  A device that converts ALTERNATING
  CURRENT (ac) into DIRECT CURRENT (dc).
    F - [1] colonne de rectification; [2] redresseur
    S - [1] rectificadora; [2] rectificador
RECTIFYING COLUMN
 
RECTIFYING COLUMN (alc) (impl).   [See:  RECTIFIER (alc)]
    F - colonne de rectification
    S - columna de rectificar
 
REDUCING SUGAR (alc).  (See:  MONOSACCHARIDE)
    F - sucre reducteur
    S - azucar reductora
 
REEFING (wind).  Rolling and tying down a portion of a
  WINDMILL SAIL to reduce the area exposed to the wind.
    F - prendre les ris
    S - recoger las velas
 
REFLECTANCE (sol).  The ratio of RADIATION reflected from a
  surface to that incident on the surface.  [See also:
  REFLECTIVITY (2)].
    F - facteur de reflexion
    S - reflectancia
 
REFLECTED RADIATION (sol).  SOLAR RADIATION that has been
  reflected from such surfaces as the ground or buildings,
  and which ultimately becomes INCIDENT RADIATION.
    F - rayonnement reflechi
    S - radiacion reflejada
 
REFLECTIVITY (sol) (meas).  [1] The ability to reflect
  SOLAR RADIATION, which is possessed to some degree by
  all materials.   It is called the ALBEDO in atmospheric
  references.   [2] The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY reflected by
  a body to that falling upon it.
    F - pouvoir reflecteur
    S - reflectividad
 
REFLECTOMETER (sol) (meas).  A PHOTOMETER or other electronic
  device that measures REFLECTANCE or RADIANT
  ENERGY.
    F - reflectometre
    S - reflectometro
 
REFLECTOR (sol).  A device that can be used to reflect and
  focus SOLAR RADIATION.
    F - reflecteur
    S - reflector
 
REFLECTOR BACKING (sol).  The material used on the rear
  part of a SOLAR REFLECTOR.  (See also:   MASONITE)
    F - renfort de reflecteur
    S - revestimiento reflector
 
REFLECTOR COOKER (sol).  (See:  REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER)
    F - cuiseur a reflecteur
    S - hornillo reflector
                                              RETURN TIME   
 
REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER (sol).   A SOLAR COOKER in which
  a REFLECTOR concentrates the sun's rays on a cooking
  device.
    F - cuiseur solaire a reflecteur
    S - hornillo solar reflector
 
REFLUX (alc).  Liquid ALCOHOL that is condensed in a
  DISTILLATION COLUMN, and then reintroduced into the
  column to increase its CONCENTRATION.
    F - reflux
    S - reflujo
 
REFRIGERANT (refrig).  A VOLATILE substance that  can be
  used as a working FLUID in a cooling system.
    F - refrigerant
    S - refrigerante
 
REFRIGERATION (refrig).  The act or process of making or
  keeping something cool or cold.  It especially applies to
  the use of artificial means for cooling.
    F - refrigeration
    S - refrigeracion
 
RENEWABLE ENERGY (gen).  ENERGY produced from regenerative
  or virtually inexhaustible resources such as BIOMASS,
  SOLAR RADIATION, the wind, water, or heat from the
  Earth's interior.
    F - energie renouvelable
    S - energia renovable
 
RENEWABLE RESOURCES (gen).  (See:  RENEWABLE ENERGY)
    F - ressources renouvelables
    S - recursos renovables
 
RESISTANCE VALUE (constr) (meas).   A rating of a substance's
  thermal resistance to summer HEAT GAIN or
  winter heat loss.  It is used as a measure of insulation
  efficiency.   (Syn:  R-VALUE) (See also:  U-VALUE)
    F - resistance thermique
    S - valor de resistencia
 
RETORT (alc) (gen).  [1] A vessel in which substances are
  subjected to heat for the purpose of DISTILLATION or
  DECOMPOSITION.   A retort is distinguished from a STILL in
  that it is more often used for the treatment of solid or
  semisolid substances.  [2] A closed container used in
  CHARCOAL production in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are
  captured and made into liquids, generally through
  CONDENSATION.
    F - cornue
    S - retorta
 
RETROFITTING (sol).  The installation of SOLAR HEATING or
  SOLAR COOLING systems in existing structures.
    F - readaptation
    S - modificacion retroactiva
 
RETURN TIME (wind) (meas).  The length of time during which
  low winds prevent a WINDMILL from reaching its CUT-IN
  SPEED or START-UP SPEED.  The "down time" or time period
  when the wind is too low to enable a WINDMILL to reach
  its cut-in speed or start-up speed.
    F - temps mort
    S - tiempo de restablecimiento
REYNOLDS' NUMBER
 
REYNOLDS' NUMBER (meas) (sol) (wind).   The ratio of
  material forces to VISCOUS forces in any FLUID FLOW.  The
  Reynolds' number is determined through the following
  equation:   (PVD)/U where:
                  P (rho) = density
                  V = velocity
                  D = length of flow distance
                  U (mu) = viscosity.
    F - nombre de Reynolds
    S - numero de Reynolds
 
RICE HUSK STOVE (biocon).  A stove designed to use rice
  husks as its primary fuel.
    F - poele a paille de riz
    S - estufa de cascaras de arroz
 
RIGGING (wind) (impl).  Collectively, all the ropes and
  cords used to support the mast of the WINDMILL, and to
  FURL or unfurl the SAILS.
    F - haubanage
    S - cordaje
 
RIPARIAN RIGHTS (hydr).  The right of a landowner to the
  water on or bordering his or her property, including the
  right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water.
    F - droits de riverainete
    S - derechos riberenos
 
RISER (alc).  A tube that penetrates a plate in a STILL
  COLUMN, allowing ALCOHOL VAPORS to move up the column.  A
  perforated cap or cup is placed on top of each riser to
  distribute the vapor into the column section and to
  prevent water from dripping into the riser.
    F - colonne montante
    S - tubo de subida
 
RIVER GENERATOR (elec) (hydr).   A HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR
  that gets its power from a river or other FLOWING water.
    F - generateur riverain
    S - generador fluvial
 
ROCKBED (sol).  A heat storage container filled with rocks
  or pebbles that is used in SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING
  systems.
    F - lit de pierres
    S - fondo de roca
 
ROCKBED COOLING SYSTEM (sol).   A passive air-conditioning
  system that circulates a building's air through a bed of
  rocks that has cooled during the night or early morning.
    F - refroidissement par lit de pierres, systeme de
    S - sistema de enfriamiento con lecho de roca
                                                  R-VALUE
 
ROCKER ARM (wind) (impl).  A support mechanism that rotates
  on a shaft at one end while moving up and down at the
  other.   It is used to convert the rotating motion of a
  WINDMILL to an up-and-down motion, usually for pumping.
    F - culbuteur
    S - balancin
 
ROLLER REEFING SAIL (wind) (arc).   A ROTOR BLADE that is
  fitted with canvas strips (SAILS) wound on ROLLERS.  The
  rollers are used for REEFING the sails.
    F - aile a rouleaux de prise de ris
    S - aspa con rodillos
 
ROLLERS (wind) (arc).  BEARINGS between the CURB and the
  CAP of a TOWER MILL or SMOCK MILL.  The rollers allow the
  top of the MILL to turn into the wind.
    F - rouleaux
    S - rodillos
 
ROTOR (wind).  The assembly of SAILS or BLADES that rotate
  about an AXIS created by the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
    F - rotor
    S - rotor
 
ROTOR SHAFT (wind).  (See:  WIND SHAFT)
    F - arbre de rotor
    S - eje del rotor
 
RUNG (hydr) (wind).  [1] The BLADES of a WATER WHEEL.  [2]
  The transverse iron rods that hold the SAIL CLOTHS in a
  WINDMILL.
    F - [1] palette; [2] barreau
    S - paleta
 
RUNNER (hydr).  The TURBINE wheel.
    F - roue de turbine
    S - rueda movil
 
<FIGURE>

10p107.gif (486x486)


 
R-VALUE (meas).  (See:  RESISTANCE VALUE)
    F - resistance thermique
    S - valor R
                               S
 
SACCHARIFICATION (alc).  A conversion process using ACIDS,
  BASES, or ENZYMES in which CARBOHYDRATES are broken down
  into FERMENTABLE SUGARS.  (See also:   FERMENTATION)
    F - saccharification
    S - sacarificacion
 
SAIL (wind).  A piece of cloth attached between each of the
  SPARS of a WINDMILL for the purpose of catching the
  wind.   Also used to define windmill sails collectively.
    F - aile
    S - vela
 
SAIL BACK (wind) (arc).  A single SPAR that replaces the
  STOCK and WHIP in WINDMILLS that are fitted with iron
  crosses instead of POLL ENDS.
    F - bras d'aile
    S - barra del aspa
 
SAILCLOTH (wind).  Very strong cotton or canvas that may
  be used for SAILS on WINDMILLS.
    F - toile a voile
    S - lona
 
SAILWING WINDMILL (wind).  A WINDMILL that has a small
  number of cloth SAILS.  Sailwing windmills are usually
  simple designs, and are most commonly used for water
  pumping.
    F - moulin a volants
    S - molino de viento con vela de lona
 
 
SALT (chem).  A product formed by the neutralization of
  an ACID by a BASE.
    F - sel
    S - sal
 
SANITATION/DIGESTER SYSTEM (biocon).   A BIOGAS system that
  combines METHANE production with facilities to dispose
  of human excreta.  This also is an effective way to
  eliminate dangerous PATHOGENS.
    F - systeme sanitaire/digesteur
    S - sistema de saneamiento/digestor
 
SAVONIUS ROTOR (wind).  A WIND MACHINE with a VERTICAL
  AXIS, often made from split oil drums.  It is a DRAG-TYPE
  device with relatively low EFFICIENCY, but with
  high starting TORQUE.
    F - rotor de Savonius
    S - rotor Savonius
 
<FIGURE>

10p109.gif (600x600)


 
                                             SCOOP WHEEL
 
SAWDUST STOVE (biocon).  A stove designed to use sawdust as
  its primary fuel.
    F - poele a sciure de bois
    S - estufa de aserrin
 
<FIGURE>

10p110.gif (486x486)


 
SCOOP WHEEL (wind) (arc).  A vertical, cast-iron wheel with
  wooden BLADES or scoops that lift water from one level
  to another.   Scoop wheels usually are driven by
  WINDMILLS.
    F - roue a godets
    S - rueda de cangilones
 
SCRUBBING
 
SCRUBBING (biocon).  [1] Removing unwanted gases from
  BIOGAS or PRODUCER GAS.  [2] The process of removing an
  undesirable, and usually corrosive, component or components
  from a COMBUSTIBLE GAS mixture.  This is done by
  passing the mixture upwards and counter to a stream of
  liquid that is capable of selectively ADSORBING the
  undesirable components.  Gases can also be scrubbed by
  passing them through iron filings.
    F - epuration
    S - proceso de lavado
                                     SHADING COEFFICIENT   
 
SCUM (biocon).  In BIOGAS DIGESTION, a mixture of coarse,
  fibrous material floating on the surface of the SLURRY.
  The accumulation of scum may inhibit METHANE production.
    F - ecume
    S - nata espumosa
 
SCUM CONTROL DEVICE (biocon) (impl).   A mechanism, usually
  some type of STIRRING device, that is used to break up
  the layer of SCUM that rises to the surface in a BIOGAS
  DIGESTER.
    F - dispositif pour le controle de l'ecume
    S - aparato controlador de la nata
 
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (gen).   The law stating that
  ENERGY FLOWS from a higher CONCENTRATION to a lower
  concentration.
    F - seconde loi de la thermodynamique
    S - segunda ley termodinamica
 
SEED (biocon).  (See:  INOCULUM)
    F - germe
    S - semilla
 
SELECTIVE SURFACE (sol).  A specially adapted surface coating
  for a COLLECTOR that has high SOLAR RADIATION
  ABSORPTANCE and low THERMAL EMITTANCE.  It is used on the
  surface of ABSORBER PLATES to increase collector
  EFFICIENCY.
    F - vitrage selectif
    S - superficie selectiva
 
SELF-SUPPORTING TOWER (wind).   A TOWER, usually made of
  steel, which supports a WINDMILL without the use of GUY
  WIRES.
    F - pylone autoporteur
    S - torre autoportante
 
SENSIBLE HEAT (heat).  That heat, which, when added or
  subtracted, results only in a temperature change (as
  opposed to a chemical or other reaction).
    F - chaleur sensible
    S - calefaccion termosensible
 
SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE (heat).   A heat storage medium in
  which the addition or removal of heat results only in a
  temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other
   reaction).  The storage medium often consists of water or
  gravel.
    F - stockage de chaleur sensible
    S - almacenaje termosensible
 
SHADING COEFFICIENT (sol) (meas).   A method for determining
  reductions in solar HEAT GAIN caused by certain kinds of
  GLAZING.   It is determined by dividing the solar heat
  gain through a sheet of glazing under specific conditions
  by the solar gain through a single-color DOUBLE-GLAZING
  under the same conditions.  The lower the number,
  the greater the reduction in solar heat gain.
    F - coefficient de vitrage
    S - coeficiente de sombra
SHEAR
 
SHEAR (wind).  Variations in horizontal WIND SPEED due to
  the distance of the wind from the ground.  The higher
  the wind is above the ground, the  faster it moves
  because of the reduced friction.
    F - cisaillement
    S - gradiente transversal de la velocidad del viento
 
SHOT CURB (wind) (arc).  (See:  LIVE CURB)
    F - chemin de roulement
    S - reborde movil
 
SHROUD (wind) (arc) (hydr).  [1] A structure used to concentrate
  or deflect a stream of wind.  [2] A deep rim
  partially enclosing the BUCKETS in OVERSHOT WATER WHEELS
  or BREAST WHEELS.
    F - [1] carenage; [2] bache
    S - refuerzo
 
SHROUDED WINDMILL (wind) (arc).   A WINDMILL with a funnel-like
  structure around the outside edge of the SWEPT AREA
  that forces wind from a larger area to pass through the
  BLADES.
    F - eolienne carenee
    S - molino de viento reforzado
 
SHUTTERS (wind) (arc).  Pivoting slats that are used
  instead of SAILCLOTH in SPRING SAILS and PATENT SAILS.
    F - volets
    S - hojas basculantes
 
SIEVE PLATE (alc).  A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
  COLUMN.   It is one of a series of perforated plates that
  is used to promote the contact of liquid with vapor in
  the column.
    F - plateau perfore
    S - placa perforada
 
SILICON SOLAR CELL (sol).  A SOLAR CELL made with the
  crystalline element SILICON as part of its conductor.
    F - cellule solaire a la silicone
    S - celula solar de silicio
 
SILVICULTURAL BIOMASS (biocon).   BIOMASS from trees.
    F - biomasse de sylviculture
    S - biomasa de silvicultura
 
SINGLE-AXIS TRACKING COLLECTOR (sol).   A SOLAR COLLECTOR
  that follows the path of the sun on only one AXIS.
    F - capteur a poursuite du soleil autour d'un seul axe
    S - colector de seguimiento monoaxial
 
SINGLE SHUTTERED (wind) (arc).   A SAIL having SHUTTERS on
  only one side of the WHIP.
    F - a obturation simple
    S - aspa de monohoja
                                            SMOCK MILL
 
SITE SELECTION (gen).  The process of locating the best
  available site to build or place a WlND MACHINE,
  HYDROPOWER device, or SOLAR POWER device.
    F - choix du site
    S - seleccion del emplazamiento
 
SKY DOME (sol).  The sky above the horizon in all
  directions, as seen from a particular area.
    F - dome du ciel
    S - domo aereo
 
SKYLIGHT (sol).  A roof opening that is covered with
  GLAZING and that allows sunlight to enter a house or
  room.
    F - lucarne
    S - tragaluz
 
SKYSCRAPERS (wind) (arc).  (See:  AIR BRAKES)
    F - freins a vent
    S - rascacielos
 
SLOPE (hydr) (meas).  A CHANNEL FLOW calculation equal to
  the number of feet a surface "drops" or inclines
  downward per 1,000 feet of horizontal distance; also
  expressed in meters of drop per kilometer.
    F - pente
    S - pendiente
 
SLUDGE (biocon).  Solid material that collects at the
  bottom of a DIGESTER.
    F - boues
    S - sedimentos
SLUDGE GAS (biocon).  An alternative name used for BIOGAS,
  particularly when the gas is produced by sewage.
    F - gaz de vidange
    S - gas de lodo
 
SLUICE (hydr).  A manmade CHANNEL or waterway to conduct
  water to a HYDROPOWER device.  It generally has one or
  more adjustable gates to regulate the FLOW of water.
    F - canal a vannes
    S - esclusa
 
SLUICEWAY (hydr).  (See:  SLUICE)
    F - chenal d'ecluse
    S - saetin
 
SLURRY (biocon).  The semisolid material in a BIOGAS
  DIGESTER consisting of BIOMASS mixed with water.
    F - boue
    S - fango
 
SMOCK MILL (wind) (arc).  The timber-framed counterpart to
  the TOWER MILL.  The smock mill frame generally is
  covered with boarding to protect it from the weather.
    F - moulin a calotte pivotante
    S - molino a la holandesa
SMOKE CHAMBER
 
SMOKE CHAMBER (heat).  The section in a fireplace FLUE that
  is directly above the DAMPER.
    F - conduite de fumee
    S - camara de humo
SODIUM CARBONATE (biocon).  A BASE used to control pH
  (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN).  It is useful in maintaining the pH
  balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER, and to a somewhat lesser
  degree in ALCOHOL STILLS.
    F - carbonate de sodium
    S - carbonato de sodio
 
SOLAR ABSORBER (sol).  A sheet of material, usually copper,
  aluminum, or steel that forms the surface of a SOLAR
  COLLECTOR.   It collects and retains SOLAR RADIATION,
  which is passed to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
    F - absorbeur solaire
    S - absorbente solar
 
SOLAR ABSORPTION (sol).  The absorption of SOLAR RADIATION
  by a material.
    F - absorption solaire
    S - absorcion solar
 
SOLAR ALTITUDE (sol).  The sun's angle above the horizon,
  as measured in a vertical plane.
    F- hauteur du soleil
    S- altura solar
 
SOLAR ARCHITECTURE (sol).  (See:  PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN)
    F - architecture solaire
    S - arquitectura solar
 
SOLAR ARRAY (sol).  A group of SOLAR COLLECTORS or
  PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES.
    F - panneau solaire
    S - conjunto solar
 
SOLAR AZIMUTH (sol).  The horizontal angle between the sun
  and due south in the northern hemisphere, or between the
  sun and due north in the southern hemisphere.  (Syn:
  bearing angle)
    F - azimut du soleil
    S - azimut solar
 
SOLAR BATTERY (sol).  A BATTERY that is charged through
  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
    F - pile solaire
    S - bateria solar
 
SOLAR CABINET DRYER (sol).  (See:  SOLAR CROP DRYER)
    F - chambre de sechage solaire
    S - secador solar de gabinete
 
SOLAR CELL (sol).  (See:  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
    F - cellule solaire
    S - celula solar
                                    SOLAR DECLINATION
 
SOLAR COATING (sol).  FLAT BLACK PAINT or some other
  ABSORPTIVE substance that is applied to the ABSORBER
  PLATE of a SOLAR COLLECTOR to help it absorb, rather
  than reflect, sunlight.
    F - couche antireflet
    S - revestimiento solar
 
SOLAR COLLECTOR (sol).  A device that gathers and accumulates
  SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat.  Nearly all solar
  collectors have a layer of GLAZING on top to trap heat
  that has passed into the collector.  Beneath the glazing
  is a solar ABSORBER PLATE, which transfers heat to a
  HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.  The medium may be air, water, an
  antifreeze solution, or other substance(s).
    F - capteur solaire
    S - colector de radiacion solar
 
SOLAR COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS (sol).   Inlets and outlets
  leading to and from SOLAR COLLECTORS and connecting the
  collectors with related apparatus.  In the case of water
  tanks that run water through collectors, there will be
  an outlet near the bottom of the tank and an inlet near
  the top of the tank.  Likewise, there will be an inlet
  near the bottom of the collector and an outlet near the
  top of the collector.
    F - raccordements pour capteurs
    S - conexiones del colector solar
 
SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY (sol) (meas).   The total SOLAR
  RADIATION that is incident on a COLLECTOR during a
  specific time period.
    F - rendement radiatif
    S - rendimiento del colector solar
 
SOLAR CONCENTRATOR (sol).  The part of a SOLAR COLLECTOR
  that focuses sunlight onto an ABSORBER surface.
    F - concentrateur solaire
    S - concentrador solar
 
SOLAR COOKER (sol).  A general term for the many types of
  SOLAR-POWERED cooking devices.
    F - cuiseur solaire
    S - cocina por calor solar
 
SOLAR COOLING (sol).  A SOLAR SYSTEM used to lower the
  temperature in a room or a device.
    F - refroidissement solaire
    S - enfriamiento solar
 
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol).  An apparatus that uses SOLAR
  RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
  other foods.
    F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
    S - secador solar para alimentos
 
SOLAR CROP DRYER (sol).  An apparatus that uses SOLAR
  RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or
  other foods.
    F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes
    S - secador solar para alimentos
 
SOLAR DECLINATION (sol).  The angle of the sun north or
  south of the equatorial plane.  It is plus if north of
  the plane, and minus if south of the plane.
    F - declinaison solaire
    S - declinacion solar
SOLAR DISH
 
SOLAR DISH (sol).  (See:  PARABOLIC DISH)
    F - miroir solaire
    S - reflector parabolico
 
SOLAR DISTILLATE (sol).  The product resulting from SOLAR
  DISTILLATION.
    F - distillat solaire
    S - destilado solar
 
SOLAR DISTILLATION (sol).  A process in which SOLAR ENERGY
  is trapped and used to evaporate impure or salty water.
  The water vapor CONDENSES as distilled water that can be
  used for drinking or for other uses.
    F - distillation solaire
    S - destilacion solar
 
SOLAR DRYER (sol).  Any device that uses SOLAR RADIATION to
  remove moisture from a substance.  (See also:   SOLAR CROP
  DRYER)
    F - sechoir solaire
    S - secador solar
 
SOLAR DRYING (sol).  (See:  SOLAR DRYER)
    F - sechage par energie solaire
    S - secado por energia solar
 
SOLAR ELECTRICITY (sol).  Electricity that is produced from
  SOLAR ENERGY sources.  (See also:   PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS;
  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)
    F - electricite solaire
    S - electricidad solar
 
SOLAR ENERGY (sol).  The electromagnetic RADIATION generated
  by the sun.   Solar energy may be converted to useful
  forms of ENERGY through the PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS, THERMAL
  CONVERSION, or through high temperature concentrators
  and COLLECTORS.  Solar energy initially is usually
  captured in the form of heat, and is therefore best used
  for a variety of heating purposes.  This may be done
  through the use of SOLAR COLLECTORS and SOLAR COOKERS.
  SOLAR RADIATION may also be converted directly into
  electrical energy through the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
    F - energie solaire
    S - energia solar
SOLAR EYEBALL (sol).  A type of SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR
  that uses a FRESNEL LENS to focus SOLAR RADIATION
  on a PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL.
    F - bulbe solaire
    S - foco solar
 
SOLAR FURNACE (sol).  A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR used to produce
  very   high  temperatures.  Also   a solar device used to
  obtain high temperatures by focusing the sun's rays onto
  a small receiver.
    F - four solaire
    S - horno solar
 
                                         SOLAR IRRADIANCE
 
SOLAR GAIN (sol).  The part of a building's heat supply, or
  an additional load for cooling, that  is provided by
  SOLAR RADIATION that strikes the building or passes into
  it through windows.
 
  it through windows.
    F - apport solaire
    S - ganancia por la energia solar
 
SOLAR GRAIN DRYER (sol).  (See:  SOLAR CROP DRYER)
    F - sechoir solaire pour cereales
    S - secador solar de granos
 
SOLAR GREENHOUSE (sol).  Specific greenhouse designs that
  take into account basic principles of PASSIVE SOLAR
  HEATING.   Increasingly, solar greenhouses are being
  attached to dwellings.  Excess heat from the greenhouse
  passes into the dwelling through air CONVECTION and
  THERMAL CONDUCTANCE from a mutual wall.
    F - serre solaire
    S - invernadero solar
 
<FIGURE>

10p117.gif (486x486)


 
SOLAR HEATING (sol).  The use of a SOLAR SYSTEM to raise
  the temperature in a room or a device.
    F - chauffage solaire
    S - calefaccion solar
 
SOLAR IRRADIANCE (sol).  The total amount of SOLAR
  RADIATION striking a given area.
    F - irradiation solaire
    S - irradiancia solar
 
SOLAR OVER
 
SOLAR OVEN (sol).  An oven that relies on SOLAR RADIATION
  as its source of ENERGY.
    F - four solaire
    S - horno solar
 
SOLAR POND (sol).  A shallow body of salt water with a
  black or dark bottom.  When incident SOLAR RADIATION
  penetrates the water, some of it is absorbed by the
  water.   However, a large proportion of the radiation
  reaches the bottom of the pond.  There it is absorbed,
  heating the bottom surface.  The bottom surface in turn
  heats the water next to it, which then can be used as an
  ENERGY source through the use of HEAT EXCHANGERS.  The
  pond's salinity should increase with its depth.
    F - bassin solaire
    S - charca solar
SOLAR POSITION (sol).  The location of the sun in the sky
  during the EQUINOXES, based on the latitude of the
  observer.   Solar position is determined by the value of
  the SOLAR ALTITUDE and the SOLAR AZIMUTH.
    F - position du soleil
    S - posicion solar
 
SOLAR POWER (sol).  The rate at which SOLAR ENERGY falls on
  an area.   The area is usually given in terms of the whole
  Earth.
    F - puissance solaire
    S - potencia solar
 
SOLAR PUMP (sol).  A pump that operates on SOLAR ENERGY,
  either by a PHOTOVOLTAIC process or by a thermal system
  in which a FLUID heated by the sun drives a TURBINE or
  piston that powers the pump.
    F - pompe solaire
    S - bomba solar
 
SOLAR RADIATION (sol).  RADIANT ENERGY received from the
  sun, from both direct exposure and diffuse or reflected
  sunlight.
    F - rayonnement solaire
    S - radiacion solar
 
SOLAR REFLECTOR (sol).  A device that reflects SOLAR
  RADIATION.
    F - reflecteur solaire
    S - reflector solar
 
SOLAR REFRIGERATION (sol).  A process in which SOLAR
  RADIATION is used to provide HEAT ENERGY to activate a
  cooling process.
    F - refrigeration solaire
    S - refrigeracion solar
 
SOLAR SALT (sol).  SALT obtained by SOLAR DISTILLATION of
  salt water.
    F - sel solaire
    S - sal solar
                                            SOLAR SYSTEM
 
SOLAR SHOWER (sol).  A shower bath that uses a SOLAR WATER
  HEATER to provide hot water.
    F - douche solaire
    S - ducha solar
 
SOLAR SITE SELECTOR (sol) (meas).   A circular transparency,
  similar to a map, that is used to determine solar positions
  and calculate shading.
    F - dispositif de selection de l'emplacement solaire
    S - selector del emplazamiento solar
 
SOLAR SPACE HEATER (sol).  A SOLAR HEATING system that
  heats FLUID on a black metal surface that is under
  GLAZING.   The heated fluid may be circulated during the
  day and stored at night.
    F - appareil de chauffage solaire individuel
    S - calentador espacial solar
 
SOLAR SPECTRUM (sol).  The total distribution of electromagnetic
  RADIATION emitted from the sun.  It is usually
  listed minus those wavelengths that are absorbed by the
  atmosphere.   On Earth, this amounts to about 420 trillion
  KILOWATT HOURS of SOLAR POWER annually.
    F - spectre solaire
    S - espectro solar
 
SOLAR STEAM COOKER (sol).  (See:  INSULATED STEAM COOKER)
    F - autoclave solaire
    S - horno de vapor solar
 
SOLAR STILL (sol).  A device used for SOLAR DISTILLATION.
    F - alambic solaire
    S - alambique solar
 
<FIGURE>

10p119.gif (486x486)


 
SOLAR SYSTEM (sol).  Any heating, cooling, or POWER system
  that uses ENERGY generated by the sun.
    F - systeme solaire
    S - sistema solar
SOLAR WATER HEATER
 
SOLAR WATER HEATER (sol).  A water heater that depends on
  RADIANT ENERGY from the sun as its source of power.
    F - chauffage-eau solaire
    S - calentador de agua solar
 
<FIGURE>

10p120.gif (437x437)


 
SOLIDITY (wind) (meas).  The ratio of the BLADE surface
  area to the SWEPT AREA of a ROTOR.
    F - coefficient de solidite
    S - solidez
 
SOLIDS RETENTION TIME (biocon) (meas).   (See:  DETENTION
  TIME)
    F - temps de retention des solides
    S - periodo de retencion de los solidos
 
SOLID WASTE (biocon).  Waste material in a solid state,
  such as is found in households, commercial activities,
  municipal plants, etc.  Many solid wastes are useful in
  BIOCONVERSION processes.
    F - dechets solides
    S - desperdicios solidos
 
SOLUBILIZATION (biocon).  The first of three stages in the
  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER, in which the complex
  proteins, CARBOHYDRATES, CELLULOSE, fats, and oils
  are dissolved by ENZYMES.  This HYDROLYSIS transforms the
  complex compounds into simple amino ACIDS, simple
  sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol.  The simple compounds
  are rendered into a form that is dissolved easily and
  can pass through the cell walls of the acid-forming
  BACTERIA to be FERMENTED.
    F - solubilisation
    S - solubilizacion
 
SPARK ARRESTER (impl).  Screening, steel wool, or other
  porous substance(s) that is placed in the distribution
  pipes from a BIOGAS DIGESTER or PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
  They prevent a spark or flame from passing back up the
  pipe and causing an explosion.
    F - pare-etincelle
    S - parachispas
                                             SQUARE WAVE
 
SPARS (wind).  The frames extending from the WIND SHAFT of
  a WIND MACHINE to support the SAILS.
    F - bras [1]
    S - [1] largueros; [2] varillaje
 
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (gen).  The ratio of the weight of a
  given volume of a substance to an equal volume of air or
  water at a given temperature and pressure.  The specific
  gravity, which may be measured by a HYDROMETER, indicates
  the CONCENTRATION of a substance in a solution.
  (See also:   PROOF).
    F - densite
    S - gravedad especifica
 
SPECIFIC SPEED (hydr) (meas).   The speed at which a given
  type of RUNNER in a TURBINE would operate if it were
  reduced proportionately in size to produce one HORSE-POWER
  under a one-foot (30.48 centimeter) HEAD.  This
  speed or velocity is expressed in revolutions per
  minute.   It is used to determine the proper type of
  turbine to install at a HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT under
  given conditions.
    F - vitesse specifique
    S - velocidad especifica
 
SPENT MASH (alc).  The semisolid MASH, without the ALCOHOL,
  following FERMENTATION and DISTILLATION.
    F - residu de distillation
    S - vinazas
 
SPENT SLURRY (biocon).  (See:  EFFLUENT)
    F - boue epuisee
    S - fango usado
 
SPILLWAY (hydr).  A passage over or around a CHANNEL or DAM
  through which excess water may escape.
    F - deversoir
    S - vertedero
 
SPILLWAY APRON (hydr).  (See:  SPILLWAY)
    F - chenal du deversoir
    S - paramento del vertedero
 
SPILLWAY CHANNEL (hydr).  (See:  SPILLWAY)
    F - canal du deversoir
    S - canal vertedor
 
SPRING SAIL (wind) (arc).  A WINDMILL BLADE fitted with
  SHUTTERS that are controlled by springs.
    F - aile a ressorts
    S - aspa de resorte
 
SQUARE WAVE (wind).  A type of ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac),
  produced by low-cost, solid-state INVERTERS, which may
  be used for most, but not all, ac appliances.
    F - onde rectangulaire
    S - onda cuadrada
S-ROTOR
 
S-ROTOR (wind).  see:  SAVONIUS ROTOR)
    F - rotor de Savonius
    S - rotor S
 
STACK (constr).  A CHIMNEY or other passageway designed to
  vent smoke from a stove, oven, furnace, etc.
    F - corps de cheminee
    S - canon
 
STACK EFFECT (heat).  The impulse of a heated gas to rise
  through a vertical passage, such as a CHIMNEY.
    F - effet de cheminee
    S - efecto de humero
 
STACK GAS (heat).  Gases resulting from combustion, which
  pass up a CHIMNEY.
    F - gaz de cheminee
    S - gases de la chimenea
 
STAGNATION (sol).  The condition that may be reached in a
  SOLAR COLLECTOR when the sun is shining on the device
  and no FLUID is flowing through it.  The resulting high
  temperatures may damage the COLLECTOR.
    F - stagnation
    S - estancacion
 
STARCH (alc) (chem).  A white, tasteless, solid CARBOHYDRATE
  ([C.sub.6][H.sub.10][O.sub.5]).  Starch is a major component of many
  agricultural crops, such as potatoes, grains, etc., that
  are used to produce GLUCOSE.
    F - amidon
    S - almidon
 
START-UP (biocon).  The process of adding INOCULUM to a
  BIOGAS DIGESTER so that the digester will begin to
  function.
    F - mise en marche
    S - puesta en marcha
START-UP SPEED (wind) (meas).   The WIND VELOCITY at which a
  WIND MACHINE begins to rotate.
    F - vitesse de mise en marche
    S - velocidad de puesta en marcha
 
STATIC HEAD (hydr).  The vertical height from the surface
  of a body of water to the water outlet of the DISCHARGE
  PIPE of a TURBINE.
    F - hauteur d'elevation
    S - altura de elevacion
 
STATIONARY PEDAL POWER UNIT (gen).   (See:  PEDAL POWER)
    F - appareil stationnaire d'entrainement par pedales
    S - unidad de rendimiento del pedal inmovil
 
STEAM ENGINE (geo) (auto).  An engine in which the mechanical
  force of steam is used as a motive POWER to drive
  machinery, etc.
    F - moteur A vapeur
    S - motor de vapor de agua
                                                STOCK
 
STEAM GAS (geo).  Superheated steam that is used as an
  ENERGY source.   Steam gas is usually obtained from
  GEOTHERMAL sources.
    F - vapeur surchauffee
    S - gas de agua
 
STEAM TURBINE (gen) (geo).  A TURBINE that is driven by
  expanding steam or gas rather then by the velocity or
  weight of water.
    F - turbine a vapeur
    S - turbina de vapor
 
STILL (gen) (alc).  [1] An apparatus for DISTILLATION that
  consists primarily of a closed vessel in which the solution
  to be distilled is heated.  It also includes mechanisms
  to condense the vapor that is produced.  [2] An
  ALCOHOL distillation unit that consists of a container
  to heat MASH, a DISTILLATION COLUMN to separate the
  water from the alcohol, and a CONDENSER to convert
  ALCOHOL VAPORS into liquid.
    F - alambic
    S - alambique
 
STILLAGE (alc).  A mixture of non-FERMENTABLE SOLID WASTES
  and water that remains in a STILL after the ALCOHOL is
  removed by DISTILLATION.  Stillage may be used as an
  animal feed.
    F - residus de distillation non-fermentable
    S - residuos
 
STILL CAP (alc).  (See:  BUBBLE CAP)
    F - calotte de barbotage
    S - casquete de alambique
 
STILL COLUMN(alc) (impl).  A component of an ALCOHOL STILL
  that is used to separate ALCOHOL from the MASH and
  water.   The still column consists of SIEVE PLATES, BUBBLE
  CAPS, and a DOWNCOMER.
    F - colonne de distillation
    S - columna de alambique
 
STIRLING ENGINE (auto).  An external combustion engine in
  which air is alternately heated and cooled to drive a
  piston up and down.  Hydrogen is used instead of air in
  some newer models.  The Stirling engine may in some cases
  be nonpolluting and more efficient than the internal
  combustion engine.
    F - moteur de Stirling
    S - motor Stirling
 
 
STIRRING (biocon).  Agitating or mixing the SLURRY in a
  BIOGAS DIGESTER.  Stirring helps prevent SCUM buildup and
  promotes METHANE production.
    F - vaguage
    S - agitacion
 
STOCK (wind) (arc).  [1] A bar that is used to support a
  WINDMILL SAIL.   [2] A tapered SPAR that passes through
  the POLL END of a windmill, supporting a pair of sails.
  (Syn:   sailstock)
    F - fut
    S - barra
STORAGE
 
STORAGE (gen).  (See:  ENERGY STORAGE)
    F - stockage
    S - almacenado
 
STORAGE CAPACITY (gen).  The total amount of ENERGY that a
  system is capable of holding for use at a later time.
  (See also:   ENERGY STORAGE)
    F - capacite de stockage
    S - capacidad de almacenado
 
STRATIFICATION (sol).  In SOLAR HEATING, temperature variations
  that occur in a substance or an area.  The highest
  temperatures are found higher up and cooler temperatures
  are found lower down.
    F - stratification
    S - estratificacion
 
STRIKING GEAR (wind) (arc).  The mechanism used with PATENT
  SAILS to apply pressure to SHUTTERS.  It consists of a
  striking rod that passes through the length of the WIND
  SHAFT.   The rod is operated by an endless chain upon
  which weights are hung.  The number of weights is determined
  by the force of the wind.
    F - embrayage
    S - engranaje de contacto
 
STRIPPING COLUMN (alc).  The section of the STILL COLUMN in
  which the ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION in the DISTILLATE is
  increased and the starting solution is decreased.  (Syn:
  beer column)
    F - colonne a desessencier
    S - columna de destilacion
 
SUBMERGED WEIR (hydr).  An underwater obstruction that
  diverts water into a CHANNEL.
    F - barrage immerge
    S - vertedero sumergido
 
SUBSTRATE (bio) (biocon).  [1] The particular FEEDSTOCK
  component that is used by bacteria to promote their
  growth and metabolism.  The component often is one
  particular compound.  [2] ORGANIC MATTER that is used to
  generate METHANE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.  (See:   SLURRY)
    F - substrat
    S - subestrato
 
SUCROSE (alc) (chem).  A FERMENTABLE SUGAR ([C.sub.12][H.sub.22][O.sub.11]) that
  is commonly found in nature.
    F - sucrose
    S - sucrosa
 
SUCTION ANEMOMETER (wind) (meas).   A device that measures
  WIND VELOCITY according to the degree of exhaust caused
  when the wind is blown through or across a tube.
    F - anemometre a aspiration
    S - anemometro de succion
                                              SUN BASKET
 
SULFURIC ACID (alc) (chem).  A strong ACID that is used to
  increase the acidity, and thus lower the pH (POTENTIAL
  HYDROGEN), in an ALCOHOL STILL.
    F - acide sulfurique
    S - acido sulfurico
 
SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR (sol) (meas).   A set of transparent
  curves and overlays that tells where the sun is in the
  sky and that gives other SOLAR ALTITUDES.  (See:   SOLAR
  SITE SELECTOR)
    F - calculateur d'angle solaire
    S - calculador del angulo solar
 
SUN BASKET (sol).  A SOLAR COOKER in the shape of a deep
  PARABOLA.   This cooker may be a woven basket lined with a
  reflective material.
    F - panier solaire
    S - cesto solar
 
<FIGURE>

10p125.gif (486x486)


 
SUN EFFECT
 
SUN EFFECT (sol) (meas).  The amount of heat from the sun
  that tends to heat an enclosed space.
    F - effet solaire
    S - efecto solar
 
SUN-TEMPERING (sol).  A heating system that involves a
  significant daytime SOLAR GAIN and an effective
  distribution system, but which generally lacks a STORAGE
  function.
    F - dispositif de repartition de l'energie solaire
    S - atemperacion solar
 
SUN-TRACKING DEVICE (sol) (impl).   A device attached to a
  SOLAR COLLECTOR that automatically turns the face of the
  collector towards the sun.
    F - dispositif de poursuite du soleil
    S - dispositivo de seguimiento solar
 
SUPERNATANT (biocon).  The liquid portion of the SLURRY
  that floats above the SLUDGE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - fraction surnageante
    S - sobrenatatil
SWASH PLATE (wind).  A disk set obliquely on a rotating
  AXIS.   It acts as a CAM to convert rotational movement
  into up-and-down movement.
    F - plateau oscillant
    S - plato oscilante
 
SWEEP (wind) (arc).  (See:  SAIL)
    F - balayage
    S - barrer
 
SWEPT AREA (wind) (meas).  The area in a plane that is
  perpendicular to the wind through which a WINDMILL's
  BLADES pass.   The area is defined by the circumference of
  the circle formed by the rotating blades, and is one
  factor in determining the amount of WIND POWER available
  from the wind.
    F - zone balayee
    S - area barrida
 
SWING POT (wind) (arc).  A pivoting bearing that is
  sometimes used to support the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
    F - palier pivotant
    S - cojinete pivotante
 
SWORD POINT (wind) (arc).  The amount that a SAILCLOTH is
  rolled up or REEFED to reduce its exposure to the wind.
  This term refers to the pointed end on a reefed SAIL.
  (See also:   REEFING)
    F - prise de ris
    S - punto de recogida
 
SYNCHRONOUS INVERTER (elec) (wind).   An electronic device
  that can be used with a WIND GENERATOR, to convert
  DIRECT CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac), but
  which must be powered by another ac source.
    F - inverseur synchrone
    S - convertidor sincronico
                            T
 
TABOR SURFACE (sol).  A black nickel SELECTIVE SURFACE
  coating that typically absorbs 90 percent of the incoming
  SOLAR RADIATION but which radiates only about 10
  percent as much radiation as would be emitted by a coat
  of FLAT BLACK PAINT.
    F - surface de tabor
    S - superficie tabor
 
TAIL (wind).  A flat piece of sheet metal that is attached
  to the extension of the WINDSHAFT of a WINDMILL.  The
  plane of the tail is normally perpendicular to the wind
  so the tail may intercept changes in wind direction and
  turn the ROTOR around to face the wind.  (Syn:   vane)
    F - empennage
    S - punta del aspa
 
TAIL POLE (wind) (arc).  The projecting SPAR used to turn a
  WINDMILL that is not equipped with automatic WINDING
  gear.
    F - barre de queue
    S - saliente del aspa
 
TAILRACE (hydr).  The discharging CHANNEL of a HYDROPOWER
  system.   It is that section of a RACE that is downstream
  of a hydropower device.
    F - bief d'aval
    S - canal de descarga
 
TAILWATER (hydr).  Water passing back into a discharging
  CHANNEL after being applied to a HYDROPOWER device.
    F - eau d'aval
    S - agua de descarga
 
TAILWATER LEVEL (hydr) (meas).   The depth of the TAILWATER
  as measured at a reference point on its surface.
    F - niveau de l'eau d'aval
    S - nivel de la descarga
 
TAILWINDED (wind).  The condition when a WINDMILL is caught
  by a sudden change in wind direction, which exerts
  pressure on the wrong side of the SAIL assembly.
    F - a vent arriere
    S - con viento de cola
 
THERMAL (gen).  Having to do with the use or production of
  heat.   Also any reaction caused by heat.
    F - thermique
    S - termico
 
THERMAL ADMITTANCE (heat) (meas).   The total amount of BTUs
  that a square foot (929 square centimenters) of a surface
  will admit in one hour.
    F - admittance thermique
    S - admision termica
 
THERMAL COLLECTOR
 
THERMAL COLLECTOR (sol).  (See:  COLLECTOR)
    F - capteur thermique
    S - colector termico
 
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE (heat) (meas).   The amount of heat that
  will pass through a given amount of material in a given
  amount of time, and with a unit temperature difference
  maintained between the surfaces of the material under
  uniform and steady conditions.
    F - conductance thermique
    S - termoconductancia
 
THERMAL CONDUCTION (heat).  Heat transfer by direct contact
  from one substance to another of a lower temperature.
    F - transmission de chaleur
    S - termotransmision
 
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (heat) (meas).   The ability of a
  material to conduct heat.  It is commonly measured in
  units of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE.
    F - conductivite thermique
    S - termoconductibilidad
 
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (heat) (meas).   A percentage that indicates
  the available heat that is converted to useful
  purposes.   Thermal efficiency is used to evaluate wood-conserving
  stoves and numerous other devices.
    F - rendement thermique
    S - termorendimiento
 
THERMAL ENERGY (heat).  ENERGY from heat.
    F - energie thermique
    S - termoenergia
 
THERMAL LAG (meas).  The time required for the temperature
  of an area to reach that of an adjacent area, either by
  heating or cooling.  For example, the time required for
  indoor air temperature to reach the cooler outside air
  temperature when there is no additional heat added to
  the house; or the time required for the inside surface
  of a TROMBE WALL to reach the temperature of the outside
  surface, which is exposed to the sun.
    F - retard thermique
    S - retardo termico
 
THERMAL MASS (gen).  Material or mass of sufficient size
  and density to store heat.  Thermal mass walls are often
  used in buildings that use PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
  techniques and NIGHT SKY RADIATION.  (See also:   TROMBE
  WALL)
    F - masse thermique
    S - masa termica
 
THERMAL POWER (gen).  Any type of ENERGY generated or
  developed through the use of HEAT ENERGY.
    F - puissance thermique
    S - termopotencia
                                              TIDAL POWER
 
THERMAL WINDS (wind).  Winds that are caused by the heating
  of the ground by SOLAR RADIATION.
    F - vents thermiques
    S - vientos termicos
 
THERMOCOUPLE (meas) (impl).  A device used to measure temperature.
  It is based on the principle that an electrical
  current is produced when two dissimilar wires are
  joined together and the junction is heated.  Thermocouples
  are often used to measure temperatures at different
  levels in BIOGAS DIGESTERS, WOOD STOVES, KILNS,
  or other devices where use of a conventional thermometer
  would be difficult.
    F - thermocouple
    S - termopar
 
THERMOPHILLIC BACTERIA (biocon).   BACTERIA that grow best
  in a temperature range between 122-131 [degrees] F (50-55 [degrees] C).
    F - bacteries thermophiles
    S - bacteria termofilica
 
THERMOSYPHON (sol).  A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM in which water
  automatically circulates between a SOLAR COLLECTOR and a
  water storage tank above it.  A solar collector based on
  the THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE uses the natural difference
  in density between the warmer and cooler portions of a
  liquid.
    F - thermosiphon
    S - termosifon
 
THERMOSYPHON CIRCULATION (sol).   (See:  THERMOSYPHON
  PRINCIPLE)
    F - circulation de thermosiphon
    S - circulacion por termosifon
 
THERMOSYPHON EFFECT (sol).  (See:  THERMOSYPHON)
    F - effet thermosiphon
    S - efecto de termosifon
 
THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE (gen) (sol).   The tendency of heated
  liquids to rise.  In a SOLAR WATER HEATER, this principle
  is used to lift water from a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage
  tank above it without the use of a pump.
    F - principe du thermosiphon
    S - principio de termosifon
 
THIN STILLAGE (biocon).  The water soluble fraction of
  FERMENTED MASH plus the mash water.
    F - residu dilue de distillation
    S - residuos liquidos
TIDAL ENERGY (ocean).  The KINETIC ENERGY existing in the
  tides by virtue of the moving mass of water.
    F - energie des marees
    S - energia mareal
TIDAL POWER (ocean).  Mechanical POWER generated by the
  rise and fall of ocean tides, which may be converted
  into electricity.
    F - puissance maremotrice
    S - fuerza mareal
TILT ANGLE
 
TILT ANGLE (sol).  The angle at which a SOLAR COLLECTOR is
  tilted upward from the horizon for maximum solar exposure
  and maximum heat collection.
    F - angle d'inclination
    S - angulo de inclinacion
 
TIME LAG (sol) (meas).  (See:  THERMAL LAG)
    F - retard
    S - tiempo de retardo
 
 
TIP SPEED (wind) (meas).  The speed of the outer end or tip
  of a BLADE of a WINDMILL ROTOR.  This speed may be faster
  than the rotation rate of the WIND SHAFT, and may be
  faster or slower than the actual WIND SPEED.
    F - vitesse peripherique
    S - velocidad de giro de las aspas
 
TIP SPEED RATIO (wind) (meas).   The quotient of the TIP
  SPEED and the actual WIND SPEED.
    F - quotient de vitesse peripherique
    S - relacion de las velocidades de giro
 
TORQUE (gen).  Any force that acts to produce rotation.  The
  measured ability of a rotating part, such as a gear or
  shaft.
    F - couple
    S - par
 
TOTAL ENERGY HOUSE (gen).  A house that is heated, cooled,
  and   receives its cooking and lighting POWER, completely
  from ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES.
    F - maison a energie integrale
    S - casa energetica total
 
TOTAL SOLIDS (biocon) (meas).   The proportion in weight of
  solids in a sample of SLURRY or other EFFLUENT (e.g.
  MASH).
    F - fraction solide
    S - solidos totales
 
TOWER (wind).  The main supporting structure of a WIND
  MACHINE.   Towers are usually made of wood or steel, and
  are suitably braced to withstand the stress to which
  they are subjected.
    F - pylone
    S - torre
 
TOWER MILL (wind) (arc).  A WINDMILL made of masonry or
  brickwork, and usually fitted with a REVOLVING CAP.
    F - eolienne sur pylone
    S - molino de torre
 
TOXIN (bio) (biocon).  A material that inhibits the growth
  and metabolism of or kills micro-organisms, often by
  interfering with the normal chemical or biochemical
  processes.   A toxin may cause a BIOGAS DIGESTER to stop
  producing gas.
    F - toxine
    S - toxina
                                         TREADLE POWER
 
TRACKED PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY (sol).   A PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
  that follows the path of the sun across the sky.
    F - dispositif photovoltaique a poursuite solaire
    S - conjunto fotovoltaico de seguimiento
 
TRACKING (sol).  Referring to adjustments that cause a
  SOLAR COOKER or a SOLAR COLLECTOR to "track" or follow
  the sun's path across the sky.  Tracking is done either
  automatically or manually.
    F - poursuite du soleil
    S - seguimiento
 
TRACKING CONTROL (sol) (impl).   (See:  AUTOMATIC TRACKING)
    F - controle de la poursuite
    S - control del seguimiento
 
TRAILING EDGE (wind).  The edge of a WINDMILL BLADE that
  lies on the side opposite the direction of rotation.
    F - arete arriere
    S - borde posterior
 
TRANSDUCER (gen).  A device that converts ENERGY from one
  form into another (e.g., PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL).
    F - transducteur
    S - transductor
 
TRANSFER MEDIUM (sol).  A substance that carries heat From
  a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage area or from a storage
  area to be warmed in a collector.  Transfer mediums are
  usually either air, water, or antifreeze solutions.
    F - agent de transfert
    S - medio de transferencia
 
TRANSMITTANCE (sol) (meas).  The ratio of the RADIANT
  ENERGY transmitted through a substance to the total
  radiant energy falling on its surface.  Transmittance is
  always affected by the thickness and composition of the
  substance, as well as by the INCIDENT ANGLE.
    F - facteur de transmission
    S - transmision
 
TRASH RACK (hydr).  A protective "screen" made of vertical
  bars that catches leaves, grass, and debris, keeping
   clear the intake of a HYDROPOWER device.
    F - grille pare-bois
    S - parrilla colectora
 
TREADLE MECHANISM (gen).  (See:  TREADLE POWER)
    F - mecanisme a pedale
    S - mecanismo de pedal
 
TREADLE POWER (gen).  A use of foot POWER in which an
  up-and-down motion of the foot on a pedal produces a
  rotating motion on a machine.
    F - puissance de pedale
    S - energia producida por pedal
 
TREATED EFFLUENT
 
TREATED EFFLUENT (biocon).  Discharge from a BIOGAS DIGESTER 
  that has been rendered harmless by reducing the
  number of PATHOGENS in it.  The treatment often consists
  of either drying or COMPOSTING the EFFLUENT.
    F - effluent traite
    S - efluente tratado
 
TROMBE WALL (constr) (heat) (sol).   A masonry wall located
  directly inside windows that face the equator.  The wall
  functions simultaneously as a structural element of the
  building and as a SOLAR COLLECTOR and HEAT STORAGE
  unit.   (See also:  THERMAL MASS)
    F - mur de trombe
    S - pared de trombe
 
<FIGURE>

10p132.gif (587x587)


 
TRUNION (impl) (wind).  A pin or pivot that is mounted on
  BEARINGS to rotate or turn something.  It usually is used
  as a WINDMILL component.  (See also:   TURNTABLE)
    F - tourillon
    S - munon
                                                  TURBULENCE
 
TUBE-IN-PLATE ABSORBER (sol).   A metal ABSORBER PLATE with
  passages through which HEAT TRANSFER FLUID flows.
    F - absorbeur a tubes internes
    S - absorbedor con placa de tubos
 
TUBE-TYPE COLLECTOR (sol).  A COLLECTOR in which the
  TRANSFER MEDIUM FLOWS through metal tubes fastened to an
  ABSORBER PLATE.
    F - capteur a tubes solidaires
    S - colector con tubos
 
TURBINE (gen).  A device that converts the ENERGY in a
  stream of FLUID into mechanical energy.  By passing the
  stream through a system of fixed and/or moving BLADES, a
  drive shaft is rotated.
    F - turbine
    S - turbina
 
TURBINE WHEEL (hydr).  The part of a WATER TURBINE that is
  attached to a drive shaft, and which holds the BLADES or
  CUPS that cause the wheel to rotate when struck by a
  stream of steam or water.  The wheel rotates the shaft to
  produce mechanical or electrical POWER.  (Syn:   RUNNER)
    F - roue de turbine
    S - rueda turbina
 
TURBULENCE (wind).  Irregular motion and GUSTS in the WIND
  SPEED.   (See also:  MECHANICAL TURBULENCE)
    F - turbulence
    S - turbulencia
 
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE
 
TURGO IMPULSE TURBINE (hydr).   An improved version of the
  PELTON WHEEL in which the JET is set at an angle to the
  face of the RUNNER.  Water strikes the front of the
  BUCKETS and discharges at the opposite side.
    F - turbine a impulsion turgo
    S - turbina de impulsion turgo
 
<FIGURE>

10p134.gif (437x540)


 
TURNAROUND EFFICIENCY (gen) (meas).   The resulting
  EFFICIENCY when ENERGY is converted from one form to
  another and then changed back again into its original
  form or state.
    F - rendement aller-retour
    S - eficiencia resultante
 
TURNTABLE (wind).  A rotating platform on which the ROTOR,
  ROTOR SHAFT, and TAIL of a WINDMILL may move to orient
  the BLADES or SAILS into the wind.
    F - plaque tournante
    S - plataforma giratoria
                                U
 
ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION (sol).   Electromagnetic RADIATION,
  usually from the sun, that consists of wavelengths that
  are shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum.
    F - rayons ultra-violet
    S - radiacion ultravioleta
 
UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL (hydr).   A WATER WHEEL driven by
  water that strikes the underside of the wheel.
    F - roue en dessous
    S - rueda hidraulica de admision inferior
 
<FIGURE>

10p135.gif (353x486)


 
UNDIGESTED SOLIDS (biocon).  Heterogenous BIOMASS, contained
  in either the SLURRY or EFFLUENT, which has not
  DECOMPOSED in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
    F - solides non-digeres
    S - solidos sin digerir
 
UNGLAZED COLLECTOR (sol).  A COLLECTOR without a cover.
    F - capteur non-vitre
    S - colector no vidriado
 
UPDRAFT (prod) (gen).  [1] Referring to a PRODUCER GAS
  GENERATOR in which the air-gas mixture flows upward to
  the engine.   [2] Any cooking or heating device (e.g., a
  KILN) in which air for CONVECTION or combustion flows
  upward through the device.
    F - tirage vers le haut
    S - corriente aerea ascendente
UPLONG
 
UPLONG (wind) (arc).  A longitudinal bar in the BACKSTAY of
  a SAIL.
    F - barre longitudinale
    S - varilla longitudinal
 
UPWIND (wind).  [1] On the same side as the direction from
  which the wind is blowing (i.e. , in the path of the
  oncoming wind).  [2] A type of WINDMILL in which the
  ROTOR remains between the oncoming wind and the TOWER.
    F - vent de proue
    S - viento contrario
 
<FIGURE>

10p136.gif (353x353)


 
USED OIL (heat).  Automotive or other lubrication oil,
  which is "used up" or no longer useful for its original
  purpose.   If mixed with water at a ratio of five to one,
  and then dripped onto a heated metal sheet, used oil
  will burst into flames.  This makes it useful as a fuel.
  (Syn:   waste oil)
    F - huile epuisee
    S - aceite usado
 
                                                 U-VALUE
 
USEFUL ENERGY GAIN (sol).  The ENERGY absorbed by a SOLAR
  COLLECTOR that is not lost to the surrounding atmosphere
  and which may be used for space or water heating.
    F - gain energetique utile
    S - ganancia de energia util
 
USEFUL SOLAR HEAT (sol).  Heat delivered by a SOLAR COLLECTOR
  that can be applied for cooking, heating, or
  other purposes.
    F - chaleur solaire utile
    S - calor solar util
 
USEFUL WATER CAPACITY (hydr) (meas).   The volume of water
  that a reservoir can hold and usefully exploit, and
  which lies between the lowest and highest levels normally
  contained in the reservoir.
    F - capacite utile en eau
    S - capacidad aprovechable de agua
 
U-VALUE (heat) (meas).  The amount of heat that FLOWS in or
  out of a substance under constant conditions, in one
   hour, when there is a one degree difference in temperature
  between the air inside and outside the building.
  U-value is the inverse of RESISTANCE-VALUE.
    F - valeur U
    S - valor U
                           V
 
VACUUM DISTILLATION (gen).  DISTILLATION under reduced
  pressure.   This lowers the boiling point of the distilled
  material so that it will not crack or decompose.
    F - distillation sous vide
    S - vacuodestilacion
 
VALVE ASSEMBLY (gen).  The assembled parts of a valve.
    F - garniture de soupape
    S - montaje de valvula
 
VANE [1] (hydr) (See:  GUIDE VANE); [2] (wind) (See:  TAIL)
    F - aube
    S - aspa
 
VAPOR LOCK (auto).  A blockage in a fuel line that is
  caused when the fuel vaporizes.
    F - tampon de vapeur
    S - obstruccion por vapor
 
VAPOR PRESSURE (chem) (meas).   The pressure of a vapor
  while in contact with its solid or liquid form.  This is
  also referred to as saturated vapor pressure.  The
  pressure rises with any increase in temperature.
    F - tension de vapeur
    S - presion del vapor
 
VERTICAL-AXIS WATER WHEEL (hydr).   A WATER WHEEL that
  drives a vertical axis instead of the more common
  horizontal axis
    F - roue hydraulique a axe vertical
    S - rueda hidraulica de eje vertical
 
VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE (wind).   A WIND MACHINE in which
  the WINDSHAFT is on a vertical axis.  This type of device
  may accept wind from any direction.  (See also:   DARRIEUS
  ROTOR; SAVONIUS ROTOR)
    F - eolienne axe vertical
    S - generador eolico de eje vertical
 
VIOLET CELL (sol).  A type of SILICON SOLAR CELL that is
  more effective than conventional PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS in
  converting sunlight to electricity from the violet and
  ULTRA-VIOLET range of the light spectrum.
    F - cellule violette
    S - celula violeta
 
VISCOSITY (chem).  The resistance to FLOW or change of
  shape due to molecular cohesion and internal friction in
  FLUIDS.   Viscosity varies inversely with temperature.
    F - viscosite
    S - viscosidad
 
                                          VOLATILE ACIDS
 
VOLATILE (gen) (refrig).  [1] Easily burned, unstable, or
  explosive.   [2] Liquids that are readily evaporated at a
  relatively low temperature.
    F - volatile
    S - volatil
 
VOLATILE ACIDS (biocon).  Fatty ACIDS of a low molecular
  weight.   These acids are very SOLUBLE.
    F - acides volatiles
    S - acidos volatiles
                          W - X
 
 
WASTE CONVERSION TO ENERGY (biocon).   (See:  BIOCONVERSION)
    F - conversion des dechets en energie
    S - conversion energetica de desperdicios
 
WASTE HEAT (heat).  Heat that is left after useful ENERGY
  generation.
    F - chaleur perdue [1]
    S - calor perdido
 
WATER-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER (heat).   A HEAT EXCHANGER in which
  FLUIDS may either be heated or cooled by water or air.
    F - echangeur de chaleur eau/air
    S - termopermutador de agua-aire
 
WATER BED (sol).  Shallow plastic bags that are filled with
  water and placed on roofs of homes or buildings.  In
  cooler climates, the bags collect SOLAR ENERGY during
  the day, and radiate heat to the building during the day
  and radiate this heat to the sky at night, thus cooling
  the building.   In warmer climates, panels are placed over
  the bags during the day and removed at night so the bags
  can draw off heat from the building and keep it cool.
    F - lit d'eau
    S - lecho de agua
 
WATER CHUTE (hydr).  A steep CHANNEL by which water
  descends in force.  Water chutes are used to create or
  increase the HEAD for a HYDROPOWER system.
    F - chute d'eau
    S - caida de agua
 
WATER HYACINTHS (biocon).  A type of water plant with a
  high carbon content, which makes it very useful as
  FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS production.
    F - eichornia
    S - jacinto de agua
 
WATER JACKET (auto) (prod).  A casing or compartment
  containing water that is placed around all or part of a
  device to keep it cool, as around the cylinders or
  cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
    F - chemise a eau
    S - envuelta de agua
 
WATER MILL (hydr).  A MILL driven by a WATER WHEEL.
    F - moulin hydraulique
    S - molino hidraulico
 
WATERPOWER (hydr).  The ENERGY in water as derived from its
  weight or momentum, and which may be used to drive
  machinery, generate electricity, or for other purposes.
  (Syn:  HYDROPOWER)
    F - energie hydraulique
    S - energia hidraulica
                                 W.E.C.S. OR WECS
 
WATER PUMPING WINDMILLS (wind).   (See:  WIND-POWERED PUMP)
     F - eoliennes de pompage
     S - molinos de viento con bombas hidraulicas
 
WATER SEAL (biocon).  The part of a GASHOLDER designed to
   prevent the METHANE from mixing with air and becoming
   potentially explosive.  It generally is created by
   submerging a portion of the holder in water.
     F - joint hydraulique
     S - junta hidraulica
 
WATERSHED (hydr).  [1] the divide or crestline dividing two
   drainage areas.  [2] The area draining into a river,
   stream etc.
     F - [1]   ligne de partage des eaux;   [2]  bassin
         hydrographique
     S - divisoria de aguas
 
WATER TURBINE (hydr).  A device that converts the ENERGY
   of falling water into rotating mechanical energy.  Water
   turbines are usually smaller than WATER WHEELS and
   operate at the higher speeds required to generate
   electricity.
     F - turbine hydraulique
     S - turbina hidraulica
 
WATER WHEEL (hydr).  A wheel with BUCKETS or BLADES that
   allow it to be turned by the weight or velocity of
   falling water or by water moving underneath it.
     F - roue hydraulique
     S - rueda hidraulica
 
WATT (elec) (meas).  The unit rate at which work is done in
   an electrical circuit.  One watt equals one JOULE of work
   per second.
     F - watt
     S - vatio
 
WAVE POWER (ocean).  The production of electricity by
   harnessing ocean wave movements through the use of
   specialized TURBINES or other devices.
     F - energie des vagues
     S - energia de las olas
 
WEATHERED SAILS (wind) (arc).   SAILS with variable pitch
   from the inner to the outer edge.
     F - ailes a airage
     S - velas inclinadas
 
WEATHER STRIPPING (gen).  Narrow strips of rubber, felt,
   metal or other material that are used to conserve ENERGY
   by preventing air INFILTRATION around doors or windows.
     F - bourrelets d'etancheite
     S - moldura
 
W.E.C.S. or WECS (wind).  (See:  WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
   SYSTEM)
     F - S.C.E.E. ou SCEE
     S - S.C.E.E. o SCEE
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
 
WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas).   A probability density
  function that allows one to model the WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION
  for a given site, based on certain input parameters.
  A mathematical application of the Weibull
  probability density function gives the wind speed distribution.
  The Weibull distribution is a two-parameter
  function, whereas the RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION is a simplified
  Weibull that only uses one parameter.  (See also:
  RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION)
    F - distribution de Weibull
    S - distribucion de Weibull
 
WEIR (hydr).  An obstruction placed across a stream to
  divert the water to make it FLOW through a desired
  CHANNEL, which may be a notch or opening in the weir
  itself.   A weir also is that part of a dam, embankment,
  CANAL, etc. that contains gates, and over which surplus
  water flows.   A calibrated rod can be placed before the
  opening in a weir to measure flow.  Weirs are sometimes
  set up exclusively as flow-measuring devices.  (Syn:
  waterweir)
    F - deversoir
    S - presa de aforo
 
<FIGURE>

10p142.gif (600x600)


 
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE (meas).   A measure of the relative
  humidity in a room.  It is taken by a special thermometer
  whose bulb is kept wet.
    F - temperature de bulbe humide
    S - temperatura de bola humeda
                                      WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM
 
WET SLURRY (biocon).  (See:  LIQUID SLURRY)
    F - boue humide
    S - fango mojado
 
WET STEAM (geo).  Underground water that is hotter than the
  boiling point, but which remains liquid because of high
  surrounding pressures.  Reservoirs of this superheated
  water may be tapped, producing a mixture of water and
  steam that flows to the surface and which may provide
  power for a TURBINE or other machinery.
    F - vapeur humide
    S - vapor saturado
 
WHEELS (wind) (arc).  (See:  ROLLERS)
    F - roues
    S - muelas
 
WHIP (wind) (arc).  The principal longitudinal frame for
  the individual WINDMILL SAIL.  It is strapped and bolted
  to the face of the BLADE.
    F - bras [2]
    S - varillaje
 
WIND CONCENTRATOR (wind).  A device or structure that is
  used to concentrate a wind stream.
    F - concentrateur du vent
    S - concentrador de viento
 
<FIGURE>

10p143.gif (317x317)


 
WIND DIRECTION (wind).  The forward course along which the
  wind is blowing.
    F - direction du vent
    S - direccion del viento
 
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM (wind).   A system in which a WINDMILL
  is used to generate electricity.  A windmill can either
  be used with an ALTERNATOR or DYNAMO to provide electricity,
  which is either stored in batteries or used
  directly to run appliances.
    F -   electricite eolienne, systeme de
    S -   sistema electrogeno eolico
WIND ENERGY
 
WIND ENERGY (wind).  ENERGY that is tapped from the natural
  movement of the air.  Wind energy is considered a form of
  SOLAR ENERGY because wind is caused by variations in the
  amount of heat that the sun sends to different parts of
  the earth.   It may be converted into electrical or
  mechanical POWER through the use of a WIND MACHINE.
    F - energie du vent
    S - energia eolica
 
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM (wind).   The conversion of
  WIND ENERGY into electrical, mechanical, or thermal
  energy through the use of WIND MACHINES.  Commonly
  abbreviated as W.E.C.S. or WECS.
    F - conversion de l'energie eolienne, systeme de
    S - sistema de conversion de la energia eolica
 
WIND FURNACE (wind).  A WIND MACHINE that converts WIND
  POWER into HEAT ENERGY.
    F - four eolien
    S - horno eolico
 
WIND GAUGE (wind) (meas).  Any instrument that measures
  WIND VELOCITY.   (Syn:  ANEMOMETER)
    F - indicateur de vent
    S - anemometro
 
WIND GENERATOR (wind).  A type of WINDMILL that extracts
  ENERGY from the wind to produce electricity by driving a
  GENERATOR.   It generally has two or three narrow BLADES
  that turn at a high speed, often using gearing to
  multiply the number of revolutions per minute up to a
  range required by the generator.
    F - eolienne generatrice
    S - generador eolico
 
<FIGURE>

10p144.gif (353x353)


                                        WIND LOAD RATING
 
WINDING (wind) (arc).  The action of turning the WINDMILL
  CAP into the WIND.  This is done either automatically or
  manually.   (Pronounced to rhyme with finding.)
    F - virer
    S - venteamiento
 
<FIGURE>

10p145.gif (486x285)


 
WIND LOAD RATING (wind) (meas).   A specification used to
  indicate the resistance of a WINDMILL TOWER to the force
  of the wind.
    F - puissance eolienne nominale
    S - clasificador de la carga eolica
WIND MACHINE
 
WIND MACHINE (wind).  Any of several types of wind-driven
  devices that are used to extract useful POWER from the
  wind.
    F - eolienne
    S - maquina eolica
 
WIND MEASUREMENT (wind).  (See:  BEAUFORT SCALE)
    F - mesure du vent
    S - medicion eolica
 
WINDMILL (wind).  In a strictly technical sense, only those
  wind-powered MACHINES that drive MILLS to grind grain.
  However, the term is generally used to describe WIND
  MACHINES of all kinds.   A windmill is powered by wind
  pressure, and usually has a slowly turning ROTOR with
  two or more BLADES attached to it.  The blades are turned
  by the wind, thus rotating the rotor and the WIND
  SHAFT.   In this way, WIND ENERGY is   converted to
  mechanical energy.  Some typical windmill applications
  include   water  pumping, milling or threshing, and
  electricity generation.
    F - moulin a vent, eolienne
    S - molino de viento
 
WIND POWER (wind) (meas).  Power available from the wind
  that can be used by various types of WIND MACHINES.  It
  can be expressed as: P = E(.5)[DAV.sup.3], where:
  A = SWEPT AREA in square meters
  V = WIND VELOCITY in meters/sec
  P = power in KILOWATTS
  D = air density in kilograms/cubic meters
  E = EFFICIENCY of the device expressed as a percentage
    F - puissance du vent
    S - potencia eolica
 
WIND-POWERED PUMP (wind).  A water-lifting device driven by
  a WIND MACHINE.
    F - pompe a energie eolienne
    S - bomba de aeromotor
 
WIND ROSE (wind) (meas).  A two-dimensional graph that
  shows monthly or yearly mean WIND SPEEDS as well as a
  distribution of wind speeds.  It usually indicates the
  speed and the percentage of time that the wind blows
  from eight to 16 different directions.
    F - rose des vents
    S - rosa de los vientos
 
WIND ROTOR (wind).  (See:  ROTOR)
    F - rotor d'eolienne
    S - rotor eolico
 
WIND SHAFT (wind).  The metal rod attached to and turned by
  the ROTOR to provide mechanical POWER.
    F - arbre d'eolienne
    S - eje eolico
 
WIND SPEED (wind).  (See:  WIND VELOCITY; BEAUFORT SCALE)
    F - vitesse du vent
    S - caudal del viento
                                                   WORT
 
WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION (wind) (meas).   A two-dimensional
  graph that shows the total time or the percentage of
  time that the wind blows at each WIND SPEED at a particular
  location.   It differs from a WIND ROSE in that it
  can give a grand total of wind speeds, regardless of
  their directions.
    F - distribution des vitesses du vent
    S - distribucion del canal del viento
 
WIND TURBINE (wind).  (See:  WIND MACHINE)
    F - turbine A vent
    S - turbina eolica
 
WIND VELOCITY (wind) (meas).   The speed of air movement
  measured in miles per hour or meters per second.  The
  amount of POWER available from the wind depends in part
  on the WIND SPEED or velocity.  It is a peculiarity of
  WIND POWER that the ENERGY available increases as the
  cube of the wind velocity.  Wind velocity may be measured
  by an ANEMOMETER.
     F - vitesse du vent
    S - velocidad del viento
 
WINKLER PROCESS (prod).  A FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER process,
  which produces a low or medium BTU gas from a wide
  variety of coals.
    F - procede de Winkler
    S - proceso de Winkler
 
WOOD ALCOHOL (alc).  (See:  METHANOL)
    F - alcool de bois
    S - alcohol metilico
 
WOOD GAS (prod).  (See:  PRODUCER GAS)
    F - gaz de bois
    S - gas metilico
 
WOOD STOVE (biocon).  A stove that uses wood and most wood
  residues as fuel.
    F - poele a bois
    S - estufa de lena
 
WORM (alc) (impl) (wind) (arc).   [1]  A type of CONDENSER
  used in ALCOHOL STILLS.  It is a coiled metal tube that
  leads from the still to a container holding cool water.
  It increases the rate of CONDENSATION and therefore the
  purity of the alcohol produced.  [2] A cylindrical gear
  that supports a helical thread.  It frequently is used in
  WINDMILL WINDING gears.
    F - [1] serpentin; [2] vis sans fin
    S - tornillo sin fin
 
WORT (alc). The liquid portion of MASH that has not yet
  been inoculated with YEAST.  It is a brewing term that
  describes the mash when it is between the BREWING MASH
  stage and the FERMENTATION period.
    F - avoi
    S - mosto no fermentado
                                 Y
 
YAW AXIS (wind).  The vertical axis about which a HORIZONTAL
  AXIS WINDMILL rotates to align itself with the
  wind.
    F - axe de lacet
    S - eje vertical
 
YEAST (alc) (bio).  A single-celled micro-organism that can
  change simple sugars into ETHANOL and carbon dioxide by
  FERMENTATION.   Yeasts are one type of FUNGI.
    F - levure
    S - levadura
 
YOKE (ani) (impl).  A contrivance that joins together a
  pair of draft animals, especially oxen, and which generally
  consists of a crosspiece with bow-shaped pieces
  that fit over the shoulders of the animals.
    F - joug
    S - yugo
 
<FIGURE>

10p148.gif (486x486)


 
                                  Z
 
ZERO TILL (agri).  An ENERGY-CONSERVING method of agriculture
  that requires little or no plowing or turning of
  the soil.
    F - labourage nul
    S - cero arado
 
ZONAL WIND (wind).  Winds that blow approximately along the
  local perallel of the LATITUDE.
    F - vent zonal
    S - viento zonal
 
ZONE HEAT (heat).   A central heating system in which different
  temperatures may be maintained in two or more of
  the areas being heated.
    F - chauffage par zone
 
 
                          CONVERSION TABLES
 
MULTIPLY                        BY                   TO OBTAIN
 
acres                       43,560                 square feet
acres                       4,047                  square meters
acres                       1.562 X [10.sup.-3]    square miles
acres                       0.004047               square kilometers
acres                       4840                   square yards
atmospheres                 76.0                   cms of mercury
atmospheres                 29.92                  inches of mercury
stmospheres                 10,333                 kgs/square meter
atmospheres                 14.70                  pounds/square inch
British thermal units       0.2530                 kilogram-calories
B.t.u.                      777.5                  foot-pounds
B.t.u.                      3.927 X [10.sup.-4]    horsepower-hours
B.t.u.                      1,054                  joules
B.t.u.                      107.5                  kilogram-meters
B.t.u.                      2.928 X [10.sup.-4]    kilowatt-hours
B.t.u./min.                 0.02356                horsepower
B.t.u./min.                 0.01757                kilowatts
B.t.u./min.                 17.57                  watts
calories                    0.003968               B.t.u.
calories                    3.08596                foot-pounds
calories                    1.1622 X [10.sup.-6]   kilowatt-hours
centimeters                 0.3937                 inches
centimeters                 0.01                   meters
centimeters of mercury      0.1934                 pounds/square inch
centimeters/second          1.969                  feet/minute
centimeters/second          0.036                  kilometer/hour
centimeters/second          0.6                    meters/minute
centimeters/second          0.02237                miles/hour
cubic centimeters           [10.sup.-6]            cubic meters
cubic centimeters           6.102 X [10.sup.-2]    cubic inches
cubic centimeters           3.531 X [10.sup.-5]    cubic feet
cubic centimeters           1.308 X [10.sup.-6]    cubic yards
cubic feet                  1,728                  cubic inches
cubic feet                  0.02832                cubic meters
cubic feet                  2.832 X [10.sup.4]     cubic centimeters
cubic feet                  7.481                  gallons
cubic feet                  28.32                  liters
cubic feet/minute           472.0                  cubic cms/second
cubic feet/minute           0.1247                 gallons/second
cubic feet/minute           0.4720                 liters/second
cubic feet/minute           62.4                   pounds water/min
cubic inches                5.787 X [10.sup.-4]    cubic feet
cubic inches                1.639 X [10.sup.-5]    cubic meters
cubic inches                2.143 X [10.sup.-5]    cubic yards
cubic meters                35.31                  cubic feet
cubic meters                264.2                  gallons
cubic meters                [10.sup.3]             liters
cubic yards                 7.646 X [10.sup.5]     cubic centimeters
cubic yards                 27.0                   cubic feet
cubic yards                 46,656                 cubic inches
cubic yards                 0.7646                 cubic meters
cubic yards                 202.0                  gallons
cubic yards                 764.6                  liters
cubic yards/min.            0.45                   cubic feet/second
 
MULTIPLY                    BY                     TO OBTAIN
 
cubic yards/min.            3.367                  gallons/second
cubic yards/min.            12.74                  liters/second
degrees (angle)             60                     minutes
degrees (angle)             0.01745                radians
degrees (angle)             3,600                  seconds
dynes                       1.020 X [10.sup.-3]    grams
dynes                       2.248 X [10.sup.-6]     pounds
ergs                        9.486 X [10.sup.11]    B.t.u.
ergs                        1                      dyne-centimeters
ergs                        7.376 X [10.sup.-8     foot-pounds
ergs                        [10.sup.-7]            joules
ergs                        2.390 X [10.sup.-11]   kilogram-calories
ergs                        1.020 X [10.sup.-8]    kilogram-meters
ergs/second                 1.341 X [10.sup.-10]   horsepower
ergs/second                 [10.sup.-10]           kilowatts
feet                        30.48                  centimeters
feet                        0.3048                 meters
feet/second                 18.29                  meters/minute
foot-pounds                 1.286 X [10.sup.-3]    B.t.u.
foot-pounds                 1.356 X [10.sup.7]     ergs
foot-pounds                 5.050 X [10.sup.-7]    horsepower-hours
foot-pounds                 3.241 X [10.sup.-4]    kilogram-calories
foot-pounds                 0.1383                 kilogram-meters
foot-pounds                 3.766 X [10.sup.-7]    kilowatt-hours
foot-pounds/minute          1.286 X [10.sup.-3]    B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/minute          0.01667                foot-pounds/second
foot-pounds/minute          3.241 X [10.sup.-4]    kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/minute          2.260 X [10.sup.-5]    kilowatts
foot-pounds/second          7.172 X [10.sup.-2]    B.t.u./minute
foot-pounds/second          1.818 X [10.sup.-3]    horsepower
foot-pounds/second          1.945 X [10.sup.-2]    kg-calories/min
foot-pounds/second          1.356 X [10.sup.-3]    kilowatts
gallons                     0.1337                 cubic feet
gallons                     231                    cubic inches
gallons                     3.785 X [10.sup.-3]    cubic meters
gallons                     3.785                  liters
gallons/minute              2.228 X [10.sup.-3]    cubic feet/second
gallona/minute              0.06308                liters/second
grams                       [10.sup.-3]            kilograms
grams                       [10.sup.3]             miligrams
grams                       0.03527                ounces
grams                       0.03215                troy ounces
grams/cubic centimeter      62.43                  pounds/cubic feet
grams centimeters           9.297 X [10.sup.-8]    B.t.u.
horsepower                  42.44                  B.t.u./minute
horsepower                  33,000                 foot-pounds/minute
horsepower                  550                    foot-pounds/second
horsepower                  10.70                  kg-calories/min
harsepower                  0.7457                 kilowatts
horsepower                  745.7                  watts
horsepower                  1.014                  horsepower(metric)
horsepower-hours            2547                   B.t.u.
horsepower-hours            1.98 X [10.sup.6]      foot-pounds
horsepower-hours            641.7                  kilogram-calories
horsepower-hours            2.737 X [10.sup.5]     kilogram-meters
horsepower-hours            0.7457                 kilowatt-hours
horsepower-hours            2.684 X [10.sup.6]     joules
inches                      2.540                  centimeters
inches                      254.0                  millimeters
 
MULTIPLY                    BY                     TO OBTAIN
 
inches of mercury           0.03342                atmospheres
inches of mercury           1.133                  feet of water
inches of mercury           345.3                  kgs/sq meter
inches of mercury           70.73                  pounds/sq foot
inches of mercury           0.4912                 pounds/sq inch
inches of water             0.002458               atmospheres
inches of water             0.07355                inches of mercury
inches of water             25.40                  kgs/square meter
inches of water             0.5781                 ounces/square inch
inches of water             5.204                  pounds/square foot
inches of water             0.03613                 pounds/square inch
joules                      0.0009458              B.t.u.
joules                      0.73756                foot-pounds
joules                      0.0002778              watt-hours
joules                      1.0                     watt-seconds
kilograms                   980,665                dynes
kilograms                   [10.sup.3]             grams
kilograms                   2.2046                 pounds
kilograms                   1.102 X [10.sup.-3]    short tons
kilogram-calories           3.968                  B.t.u.
kilogram-calories           3,086                  foot-pounds
kilogram-calories           1.558 X [10.sup.-3]    horsepower-hours
kilogram-calories           4,183                  joules
kilogram-calories           426.6                  kilogram-meters
kilogram-calories/min.      51.43                  foot-pounds/second
kilogram-calories/min.      0.09351                horsepower
kilogram-calories/min.      0.06972                kilowatts
kilograms/hectare           .893                   pounds/acre
kilometers                  [10.sup.5]             centimeters
kilometers                  0.6214                 miles
kilometers                  3,281                  feet
kilometers                  1,000                  meters
kilometers                  1093.6                 yards
kilometers/hour             27.78                  centimetere/sec
kilometers/hour             54.68                  feet/minute
kilometers/hour             0.9113                 feet/second
kilometers/hour             0.5396                 knots/hour
kilometers/hour             16.67                  meters/hour
kilometers/hour             0.6214                 miles/hour
kilowatts                   56.92                   B.t.u./minute
kilowatts                   4.425 X [10.sup.4]     foot-pounds/minute
kilowatts                   737.6                  foot-pounds/second
kilowatts                   1.341                  horsepower
kilowatts                   14.34                  kg-calories/min
kilowatts                   [10.sup.3]             watts
kilowatts-hours             3,412                  B.t.u.
kilowatts-hours             2.655 X [10.sup.6]     foot-pounds
kilowatts-hours             1.341                   horsepower-hours
kilowatts-hours             3.6 X [10.sup.6]       joules
kilowatts-hours             860.5                  kilogram-calories
kilowatts-hours             3.671 X [10.sup.5]     kilogram-meters
meters                      100                     centimeters
meters                      3.2808                 feet
meters                      39.37                  inches
meters                      [10.sup.-3]            kilometers
meters                      [10.sup.3]             millimeters
meters                      1.0936                 yards
meter-kilograms             9.807 X [10.sup.7]     centimeter-dynes
 
MULTIPLY                    BY                     TO OBTAIN
 
meter-kilograms             [10.sup.5]             centimeter-grams
meter-kilograms             7.233                  pound-feet
meters/minute               1.667                  centimeters/second
meters/minute               3.281                  feet/minute
meters/minute               0.05468                 feet/second
meters/minute               0.06                   kilometers/hour
meters/minute               0.03728                miles/hour
meters/second               196.8                  feet/minute
meters/second               3.281                  feet/second
meters/second               3.6                    kilometers/hour
meters/second               0.06                   kilometers/minute
meters/second               2.237                  miles/hour
meters/second               0.03728                 miles/minute
miles                       1.609 X [10.sup.5]     centimeters
miles                       5,280                  feet
miles                       1.6093                 kilometers
miles                       1,760                  yards
miles/min                   88.0                   feet/second
miles/min                   1.6093                 kilometers/minute
miles/min                   0.8684                 knots/minute
ounces                      8.0                    drams
ounces                      437.5                  grains
ounces                      28.35                  grams
ounces                      0.625                  pounds
ounces/square inch          0.0625                 pounds/square inch
pints (dry)                 33.60                  cubic inches
pints (liquid)              28.87                  cubic inches
pounds                      444,823                dynes
pounds                      7,000                  grains
pounds                      453.6                  grams
pounds                      0.45                   kilograms
pounds of water             0.01602                cubic feet
pounds of water             27.68                  cubic inches
pounds of water             0.1198                  gallons
pounds of water/min.        2.669 X [10.sup.-4]    cubic feet/second
pounds/cubic foot           0.01602                grams/cubic cms.
pounds/cubic foot           16.02                  kgs/cubic meter
pounds/cubic foot           5.787 X [10.sup.-4]    pounds/cubic inch
pounds/square foot          4.882                  kgs/sq meter
pounds/square foot          6.944 X [10.sup.-3]    pounds/square inch
pounds/square inch          0.06304                atmospheres
pounds/square inch          703.1                  kgs/square meter
pounds/square inch          144.0                  pounds/square foot
quarts (dry)                67.20                  cubic inches
quarts (liquid)             57.75                  cubic inches
quadrants (angle)           90                     degrees
quadrants (angle)           5,400                  minutes
quadrants (angle)           1.571                  radians
radians                     57.30                  degrees
radians                     3,438                   minutes
radians/second              57.30                  degrees/second
raidans/second              0.1592                 revolutions/second
revolutions                 360.0                  degrees
revolutions                 4.0                     quadrants
revolutions                 6.283                  radians
revolutions/minute          6.0                    degrees/second
square centimeters          1.076 X [10.sup.-3]    square feet
square centimeters          0.1550                  square inches
square centimeters          [10.sup.-6]            square meters
 
MULTIPLY                    BY                     TO OBTAIN
 
square centimeters          100                    square millimeters
square feet                 2.296 X [10.sup.-5]    acres
square feet                 929.0                  square centimeters
square feet                 144.0                  square inches
square feet                 0.09290                square meters
square feet                 3.587 X [10.sup.-8]    square miles
square feet                 0.1111                 square yards
square inches               6.452                  square centimeters
square inches               645.2                  square millimeters
square meters               2.471 X [10.sup.-4]    acres
square meters               10.764                 square feet
square meters               3.861 X [10.sup.-7]    square miles
square meters               1.196                  square yards
square miles                640.0                  acres
square miles                2.7878 X [10.sup.7]    square feet
square miles                2.590                  square kilometers
square miles                3.098 X [10.sup.6]     square yards
square yards                2.066 X [10.sup.-4]    acres
square yards                9.0                    square feet
square yards                0.8361                 square meters
square yards                3.228 X [10.sup.-7     square miles
temp (degs C) + 237         1.0                    abs temp (degs K)
temp (degs C) + 17.8        1.8                    temp (degs F)
temp (deqs F) - 32          5/9                    temp (degs C)
tons (long)                 1,016                  kilograms
tons (long)                 2,240                   pounds
tons (metric)               [10.sup.3]             kilograms
tons (metric)               2,205                  pounds
tons (short)                907.2                  kilograms
tons (short)                2,000                  pounds
tons (short)/sq. foot       9,765                  kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. foot       13.89                  pounds/square inch
tons (short)/sq. inch       1.406 X [10.sup.6]     kgs/square meter
tons (short)/sq. inch       2,000                  pounds/square inch
yards                       0.9144                 meters
 
 
 
                      BIBLIOGRAPHY
 
Abbott, Ira H. and A. E. Von Doenhoff.   Theory of Wing
  Sections.   New York:  Dover Publications, Inc., 1949.
 
Abelson, Phillip H., ed.  Energy:  Use, Conservation and
  Supply.   Washington, D.C.:   American Association for the
  Advancement of Science, 1974.
 
A Glossary of Energy Terms in Appropriate Technology.
  Norman, Oklahoma:  Science and Public Policy Program,
  University of Oklahoma, 1975.
 
Angrist, Stanley W., ed.  Direct Energy Conversion (3rd.
  ed.).   Boston, Massachusetts:   Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,
  1976.
 
Anderson, Bruce and Michael Riordan, The Solar Home
  Book; Heating, Cooling and Designing with the Sun.
  Harrisville, New Hampsh ire:  Cheshire Books, 1976.
 
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