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Designation of electrical conductors
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Alternating current |
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any external conductor |
L |
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1st external conductor |
L1 |
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2nd external conductor |
L2 |
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3rd external conductor |
L3 |
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neutral conductor without the function of a protective conductor |
N |
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Direct current |
| |
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any external conductor |
L |
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positive external conductor |
L+ |
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negative external conductor |
L- |
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central conductor without the function of a protective conductor |
M |
d.c. shunt-wound generator without
commutating poles (clockwise sense of rotation)
terminal boards (clockwise sense of
rotation)
terminal boards (anti-clockwise
sense of rotation)
d.c. shunt-wound generator with
commutating poles (clockwise sense of rotation)
The commutating poles are clamped
inside the generator terminal boards with commutating poles (clockwise sense
of rotation)
The commutating poles are clamped
inside the generator terminal boards with commutating poles (anti-clockwise
sense of rotation)
d.c. compound-wound generator with
commutating poles (clockwise sense of rotation)
terminal boards (clockwise sense of
rotation)
terminal boards (anti-clockwise
sense of
rotation)
d.c. shout-wound motor with
commutating poles and starter (clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. shout-wound motor with
commutating poles and starter (anti-clockwise sense of rotation)
The commutating poles are clamped inside the motor
terminal boards (A)
terminal boards (B)
d.c. series motor with commutating
poles (clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. series motor with commutating
poles (anti-clockwise sense of rotation)
terminal boards (A)
terminal boards (B)
d.c. compound - wound motor with
commutating poles (clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. compound - wound motor with
commutating poles (anti-clockwise sense of rotation)
terminal boards (A)
terminal boards (B)
d.c. shunt-wound motor with
cylindrical starter (clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. series motor with cylindrical
starter (clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. series motor with reversing
starter
Schematic circuit diagram for
reversing starter with d.c. series motor (clockwise sense of rotation)
Schematic circuit diagram for
reversing starter with d.c. series motor (anti-clockwise sense of rotation)
d.c. shunt-wound motor with
controller drum for clockwise and anti-clockwise sense of rotation
d.c. shunt-wound motor with
controller drum for clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation and braking
Schematic circuit diagram for
controller drum with reversing and braking circuit for d.c. shunt-wound motor
(clockwise sense of rotation)
Schematic circuit diagram for
controller drum with reversing and braking circuit for d.c. shunt-wound motor
(anti-clockwise sense of rotation)
Schematic circuit diagram for
controller drum with reversing and braking circuit for d.c. shunt-wound motor
(braking right-hand side)
Schematic circuit diagram for
controller drum with reversing and braking circuit for d.c. shunt-wound motor
(braking left-hand
side)
Three-phase generator with exciter
(A)
Three-phase generator with exciter
(B)
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Mains voltage designations |
3 N 220V/380V 50 Hz |
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1 N 220V 50 Hz |
Three-phase motor with star-delta
connection (star connection)
Three-phase motor with star-delta
connection (delta connection)
terminal boards (clockwise sense of
rotation)
terminal boards (anti-clockwise
sense of rotation)
terminal boards (clockwise sense of
rotation)
terminal boards (anti-clockwise
sense of rotation)
Three-phase motor with drum switch
for clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation
Three-phase motor with lever
commutator for star-delta starting
Three-phase motor with dram switch
for star-delta starting
Three-phase motor (slip ring rotor)
with rotor starter in star connection
Three-phase motor (slip ring rotor)
with rotor starter in delta connection and controller drum for clockwise and
anti-clockwise rotation
Three-phase motor with protective
motor switch for undervoltage tripping, thermal tripping and magnetic tripping
Three-phase motor (slip ring rotor)
with rotor starter and protective motor switch for manual and magnetic tripping
Three-phase motor with control
acknowledging switch and protective motor switch
Three - phase motor in Dahlander
pole-changing connection
Three-phase motor in “with
Dahlander pole-changing connection”
Three-phase motor in “reverse
Dahlander pole-changing connection”
Rotor-fed three-phase shunt-wound
commutator motor
Three-phase motor at the
single-phase mains (A)
Three-phase motor at the
single-phase mains (B)
explanations to the wiring diagram
c1 operating capacitor, c2 starting capacitor
Frequently it is necessary to connect three-phase not ors to single-phase mains. In this connection, the following disadvantages must be taken into account. The rated output (see rating plate) will be reduced to 80 % to 65 %.
The rated torque will be reduced to 30 %.
The output or power can be calculated according to the following equation:
C = capacity of the capacitor in mF
P = power in kW
U = voltage in V
f = frequency
The following approximate values can be assumed when connecting to single-phase alternating current of 220 V:
|
Power (kW) |
Capacity of the Capacitor |
|
0.10 |
7 |
|
1.00 |
50 |
|
2.00 |
100 |
Three-phase series commutator motor
1 OFF position
2 starting, operation
3 braking
Single-phase capacitor motor with
auxiliary phase
Repulsion motor
Ward-Leonard Control low-loss speed
adjustment at the direct-current motor (General wiring
diagram)
normal circuit
economy
circuit
Three-phase transformers in parallel connection
Transformer station with two
transformers connected in parallel
Usual groups of connection for transformers
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Designation |
|
Indicator Diagram |
Circuit Diagram | | ||
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Identification number |
Group of connection |
High Voltage |
Lower Voltage |
High Voltage |
Lower Voltage |
Transformation |
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Three-phase power transformers | ||||||
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Dd 0 |
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0 |
Yy 0 |
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Dz 0 |
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Dy 5 |
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5 |
Yd 5 |
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Yz 5 |
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Dd 6 |
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6 |
Yy 6 |
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Dz 6 |
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Dy 11 |
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11 |
Yd 11 |
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Yz 11 |
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Single-phase power transformers | ||||||
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Explanations for the table
The table shows the commonly used circuits according to the relevant Standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission (I E C). When multiplying the identification number by 30°, the phase shift of the high voltage side with respect to the lower voltage side is obtained.
Dd 6 means:
D = high voltage side delta connection
d = lower voltage side delta connection
The lower voltage is shifted with respect to the high voltage by 6 x 30° = 180°.
Due to these different circuits, different operational behaviour is attained.
The ratio of transformation is calculated as follows:
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