Agricultural research and extension survey
Primary health anti medical research facility survey
Agricultural research and extension resources - Benin
Primary health care and research facilities - Benin
Agricultural research and extension resources - Cameroon
Primary health care and research facilities - Cameroon
Agricultural research and extension resources - Ghana
Primary health care and research facilities - Ghana
Agricultural research and extension resources - Guinea Conakry
Primary health care and research facilities - Guinea Conakry
Agricultural research and extension resources - Kenya
Primary health care and research facilities - Kenya
International partner institutions
Country:
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.a. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research in agriculture.
b. Number of graduate level agricultural researchers employed.2. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure.
a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.
b. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment.
c. Number of actively employed extensionists.
d. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.2. Estimated annual production.
3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
4. Number of farmers involved in maize production.
5. Proportion of farmers who:
a. Produce maize to sell,
b. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption,
c. Produce maize for personal consumption.6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production.
7. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?b. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
c. What is their staffing level?
d. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that has an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.
Information provided by:
Country:
A. Research
1. Overview of medical research infrastructure.a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.b. Number of professional medical researchers employed.
c. Laboratories capable of handling the following: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, or biotechnology?
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.
b. The comparative roles of government, NGO, and private clinical care.
c. Importance of 'traditional healers' and any registration systems for them.
d. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment.
e. Number of teaching hospitals.
f. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff.2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i.e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.
b. Child nutrition.
c. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases.
C. Other
Any unique feature that has an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.
Information provided by:
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.a. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research in agriculture.National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAB) B.P. 884, Tel: +229-300 264, Fax: 200 736, CotonouFaculty of Agronomic Sciences (FSA) University of Benin, FSA/UNB, B.P. 526 Cotonou Tel: +229-360 074, Fax: 360 126
Also within University of Benin: College Polytechnic Universitaire (CPU); Faculty of Science and Technology; Faculty of Arts, Letters, and Human Sciences; National Institute of Economy (INK) Benin Center of Scientific Research and Technology (CBRST) B.P. 03-1665 Tel: +229-321 263 321437: Fax: 323 671
b. Number of graduate level agricultural research employed
|
|
Doctoral |
Master |
Ing. Agr. |
|
INRAB |
8 |
20 |
53 |
|
FSA |
20 |
21 |
47 |
2. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Regional Action Centers for Rural Development (CARDER)Headquarters personnel: Directors for Program Development, Extension, Forests and Natural Resources, Rural Equipment Technology, Plant Protection and Veterinary Control
b. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment.
Rural Development Sector (decentralized units)- Technical personnel: Biology, Zoology, Animal Health, Land Management, Fishery, Farm Organizationsc. Number of actively employed extension agents.
Not Answeredd. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
Extension agent to farmer ratio: 1:230
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.Area under production (1995): 544,400 ha2. Estimated annual production.
Estimated production: 503,050 mt3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
Maize is the primary cereal cultivated in Benin and is displacing sorghum and millet as it spreads into the north of the country.
AREA (HA) UNDER CULTIVATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CEREALS IN BENIN
|
Year |
Maize |
Sorghum |
Millet |
Rice |
Cowpea |
Peanut |
|
1991 |
464,405 |
147,162 |
43,789 |
7,739 |
96,934 |
101,440 |
|
1992 |
470,297 |
43,432 |
40,127 |
7,925 |
99,221 |
94,801 |
|
1993 |
480,346 |
138,341 |
35,751 |
8,447 |
91,369 |
98,860 |
|
1994 |
494,372 |
45,001 |
36,529 |
8,763 |
98,669 |
101,559 |
PRODUCTION (T) OF THE PRINCIPAL CEREALS IN BENIN
|
Year |
Maize |
Sorghum |
Millet |
Rice |
Cowpea |
Peanut |
|
1991 |
431,004 |
115,055 |
27,031 |
10,461 |
55,163 |
74,141 |
|
1992 |
459,546 |
110,252 |
26,153 |
11,464 |
62,225 |
73,694 |
|
1993 |
483,400 |
105,648 |
23,546 |
11,811 |
58,213 |
73,877 |
|
1994 |
491,526 |
112,789 |
24,836 |
13,689 |
64,086 |
77,626 |
Source: Dept Statistical Planning and Analysis, Min. Dev. Rural4. Number of farmers involved in maize production.
Not Answered5. Proportion of farmers who:
a. Produce maize to sell
b. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption.
c. Produce maize for personal consumption.The majority of the farmers produce maize for home consumption and to sell.6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production.
Benin exported 71,571 mt in 19957. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.
Not Answered
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?The mission of the Direction de l'Alimentation et de la Nutrition Appliquee (DANA) is to ensure the population of Benin a healthy and equilibrated diet.b. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
Not Answeredc. What is their staffing level?
Not Answeredd. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
Not Answered2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
Information provided by:
Dr. M. Houssou Director,
Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Benin, BP 884, Cotonou, Benin
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that has an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.Benin is a country where cereals constitute the main staple food. They are produced for home-consumption and export. Benin serves as a transit country for cereal imports into neighbouring countries. Keeping in mind different trade-routes and the climate, the problem of mycotoxins is of concern. Like many developing countries, the management of these risks is not very well organised and attempts to consider this problem do not reflect the damage levels, either on human and animals or of the harvested crops.
NEW PROBLEMS
Result of research programs show a relationship between aflatoxins and certain nutritional deficiencies.
Benin is currently undertaking a campaign against malnutrition by reducing the risk of food shortages in households. The qualitative risk of malnutrition linked with mycotoxin contamination has not been taken into account.
It has been shown in animal studies and one can imply effects on humans from this, that:
- protein deficiency reduces the capacity of the liver to detoxify and eliminate aflatoxins with the effect that the liver is increased;- aflatoxins increase the expression of kwashiorkor which is commonly considered the result of protein deficiency;
- and high contamination of food with mycotoxins can result in Vitamin A deficiency.
It is known that nutritional deficiencies are common in Benin, mostly in populations that consume high amounts of cereals, but no study has been undertaken to examine the prevelance of aflatoxins in foods, and to take into consideration these contaminations in the development of nutritional programs for both adults and children.
ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN IN BENIN
Whereas it was our plan to accomplish a continual surveillance of the mycotoxin contamination, these actions were not been well financed.
The Direction de l'Alimentation et de la Nutrition Appliquée (DANA) has as an objective to assure that the population consumes a healthy and well balanced diet, and also has charge of the quality control of foodstuffs. Very early on, the problem of contamination and especially aflatoxin contamination was taken into account.
The following programs have been achieved:
a) Installation of a section for the control of aflatoxins at the DANA central laboratory; andb) Training of four Laboratory technicians in aflatoxin analysis and initiation of three others into the correct sampling procedure.
Aflatoxin analysis is done with Thin Layer Chromatography. The lack of funds do not allow for an effective continual surveillance. Quality control is still sporadic on demand of local producers, importers and exporters.
REGULATIONS
Benin, with assistance of the FAO, has elaborated law 84-009 of the 15th March 1984, on the control of foodstuffs, and has passed a decree on undesirable substances and contaminants in foods. Mycotoxins in general, and especially aflatoxins are considered as contaminants that should not be present in foods. The decree does not specify a limit, but the interpretation is a 20 ppb limit, awaiting the achievement of the work of the Codex Alimentarius. The limit is the same for humans and animals, no limits are set for the environment.
DIFFICULTIES AND PERSPECTIVES
Difficulties are essentially linked to technical problems. The section is not sufficiently equipped, and essentially responds on appeal by economic operators and the inspection services. The lack of a coherent program either on international, national or even departemental level, limits the action of this section which has existed for ten years.
Because of the magnitude of the contamination problem, actions to educate the population have been undertaken:
- through the press, with the fortnightly radio program "Votre santé d'aujourd'hui" (Your health today);- through conferences mainly aimed at the big centers of maize production and maize storage (in 1995); and
- through the heads of the nutritional Services, the DANA has 110 extension agents at the community level. Personnel disseminate information on nutrition and food hygiene to the rural and urban communities.
PERSPECTIVES
The following actions have to be taken:
reinforce the existing mycotoxin section, install a mycotoxin section in Parakou, and a section that is responsible for sampling;evaluate the levels of aflatoxin-intake by urban and rural populations;
determine the prevelance of liver disorders linked to aflatoxins;
evaluate the contamination levels in the environment and mycotoxin levels of agricultural products standing in the held, stored and in commerce;
introduce resistant varieties;
reinforce the control of imported and exported products and the surveillance of products destined for consumption;
introduce methods of detoxification in the rural areas;
develop extension messages concerning the prevention of mycotoxin contamination; and
participate in inter-laboratory exchanges.
All these aspects will be part of an INTEGRATED CONTROL PROGRAM ON MYCOTOXINS. It is a matter of urgency to develop such a program given the importance of cereals and peanuts in our diet, and especially because of the favorable conditions which exist in Benin for the development of mycotoxins.
Assessment on Mycotoxins in Foods in Benin provided by:
Dr. F. Akadiri, Director, Département de l'Alimentation et la Nutrition Appliquée (DANA), BP 295, Porto Novo, Bénin
A. Research
1. Overview of medical research infrastructure.
a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.
Ministry of Health, B.P. 882 Cotonou
Direction Nationale de la Protection Sanitaire
Direction Departmentale de la Santé de l'Ouémé B.P. 139 Porto Novo
Ministry of National Education
Faculty of Science and Health B.P. 188, Cotonou
Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (ISBA) Champ Foire, Cotonou
Regional Institute of Public Health (IRSP), Cotonou
Regional Center for Development and Health (CREDESA-Pahou)
Center for Entomological Research, Cotonou
Center for Research on Human Reproduction and Demography (CNHU), Cotonou
Anatomical Pathology and Cytology Unit (UAPC), Cotonoub. Number of professional medical researchers employed:
Alihonou, E., Professor; Sagbohan, M., Public Health Doctor; Gandaho, T., Medical Demography; Kanhonou, L., Social Demography; Kessou, L., Health economist; Capo-Chichi, V., Statistician; Guedeme, A., Epidemiologist; Orou, Y.R., Social Anthropologist; Hounsa, J.A., Public Health Doctor; Mensah, O., Economist; Gbangbade, S., Medical Doctor; Soude, T., Public Health Specialistc. Laboratories capable of handling the following: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, or biotechnology?
Hematology and biochemistry
Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire (CNHU), Cotonou
National Laboratory of Medical Analyses, Cotonou
Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, CotonouHistopathology
Anatomical Pathology and Cytology Unit (Faculty of Health Sciences, CNHU)
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Ministry of Health with:
CREDESA, Cooperative Clinic, Medical Clinic Solidarity,
National Association of Registered Nurses (ANBIIDE)
WHO
UNICEF
Health projects with German, Swiss and Dutch governments
National Association of Traditional Medicine Practitioners (registry)b. The comparative roles of government, NGO, and private clinical care.
Not Answeredc. Importance of 'traditional bearers' and any registration systems for them.
Traditional medicine practicioners play a very important role in the delivery of primary health care in Benin.d. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment
Departmental Hospital Centers (full services) (four of six departments)
Sub-Prefecture, Peri-Urban centers (maternity, dispensary, labs, radiology)
Community Health Complexes (maternity and dispensary)
Village Health Units (few actually functional)e. Number of teaching hospitals.
1 Teaching Hospital (CNHU)f. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff.
4 Departmental Hospitals, 83 Rural hospitals (only 24 offer surgeries)2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i.e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.Elargi Vaccination Program (PEV/SSP) - privately and publicly fundedb. Child nutrition.
Project Maternal Milk - privatec. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases.
CREDESA conducts research on the Health systems of the country which provides data for the implementation of the Bamako initiative.
C. Other
Any unique feature that teas an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.Not Answered
Information provided by:
Dr. J. Foundohou
National Director, La Protection Sanitaire. PB 882, Cotonou, Benin.
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.a. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research in agriculture.Ministry Scientific and Technical Research (MINREST)
Institute of Agronomic Research (IRA) - Research centers 4, stations 17
Institute of Zootechnical and Veterinary Research
Institute of Medical and Medicinal Plant Research (IMPM)
Institute of Geological and Mineral Research (IRGM)b. Number of graduate level agricultural researchers employed:
Researchers (IRA): PhD - 50, MSc/D.E.A. -110, BSc/Ing. Agr. - 202. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure.
a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Ministry of Agriculture
Provisional Chief of Service for Agriculture
Divisional Chief of Service for AgricultureOther Agricultural and Extension Organizations
Cameroon Development Cooperation (CDC)
Development Authorities: Cocoa, North West, South West, Cotton, etc.
The University of Dschangb. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment
Sub-Divisional and District Chiefs
Village level-Chief of postc. Number of actively employed extensionists.
8000 extension agentsd. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
extension agent: farmer ratio: 1:1000.
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.Area under production (1995): 500,000 ha2. Estimated annual production.
Estimated production: 800,000 mt3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
Maize is the primary cereal cultivated in Cameroon. Sorghum and millet (500,000 t/annum) and rice (100,000 t/annum) follow.In Northwest and West Provinces, maize provides about 26% of the daily caloric intake.
4. Number of farmers involved in maize production
|
Farmers involved in maize farming are as follows: | ||
|
Cultivating over |
2,000 ha: |
1 (MAISCAM) |
|
Cultivating from |
50-100 ha: |
100 farmers |
|
Cultivating from |
10-50 ha: |
1,500 farmers |
|
Cultivating from |
5-10 ha: |
3,000 farmers |
|
Cultivating from |
1-5 ha: |
316,000 farmers |
5. Proportion of farmers who:a. Produce maize to sell.30% produce mainly to sellb. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption.
50% produce for sale and consumptionc. Produce maize for personal consumption.
20% for consumption only6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production.
Cameroon produces all her maize destined for human consumption and about 10% is imported for industrial use (Feeds and Breweries). Approx. 50,000 t are imported/annum.7. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.
30 researchers are dedicated to maize research as follows:
Breeders: 5, Agronomists: 14, Crop protection: 5, and Pre-extension: 6.
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?There are regulatory laws about mycotoxins in Cameroon but they are not followed/enforced since farmers sell their maize in local markets without controls.b. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
Laboratories that can monitor mycotoxins in Cameroon are located in IRA, Bambui, The University of Dschang, and at CREPHY in Yaoundé.c. What is their staffing level?
Not Answeredd. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
Not Answered2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
Not Answered
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that teas an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.Not Answered
Information provided by:
Dr. J. Ayuk-Takem
Director, IRA, Yaoundé
A. Research
1. Overview of medical research infrastructure.a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.Institute of Medical Research and Studies on Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé
Faculty of Medicine, University of Yaoundé 1
Faculty of Science, Universities of Yaoundé, Buea, Douala, Dschang and Ngaoundere
General Hospitals, Yaoundé, Douala
Hospital Laquintinie, Douala
Centre Medical d'Essos, Yaoundéb. Number of professional medical researchers employed:
Medical Research Professionals (estimates)
PhD (60), Msc (150), MD (200)c. Laboratories capable of handling the following: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, or biotechnology?
Hematology, histopathology, and biochemistry
Faculty of Medicine, University of Yaoundé
IMPM, Hospitals (above)Biotechnology
Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology Center (UYI)
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Ministry of Health, Department of Community Health
WHO: BP 155, Yaoundé
UNICEF: BP 1181, Yaoundé
Mission de Cooperation Française: BP 1616, Yaoundé
GTZ: BP 1160, Yaoundéb. The comparative roles of government, AGO, and private clinical care.
Government: 65%, NGOs: 30%, Private: 5%.c. Importance of 'traditional hearers' and any registration systems for them.
Traditional healers: 30-60% of all sick people visit them.d. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment.
There are 49 administrative divisions in Cameroon with at least 55 districts.
Health centers and district hospitals are controlled by a district medical officer, the districts are controlled by a division, the divisions by a province, and the provinces by central services.e. Number of teaching hospitals.
6 Teaching hospitalsf. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff.
14 Regional hospitals, 70 Rural hospitals.2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i.e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.Vaccination Program: Coverage about: 55-60%, public funding (60%), international donors (35%), private (5%).b. Child nutrition.
Child Nutrition Program: public funding (70%), private (30%)c. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases.
Disease registries: cancer only
C. Other
Any unique feature that teas an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.There are at least 1,000 medical officers in Cameroon. The medical school sends out at least 50 per year with specialist training in the following specialities: Internal medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Surgery, Radiology, Anesthesiology, and Laboratory sciences.
Information provided by:
Dr. Peter Ndumbe
Faculty of Medicine, University of Yaoundé 1
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.Agricultural research in Ghana is undertaken by national, public and private institutions with substantial contributions from international agricultural institutions. Linkages and coordination among research institutions and agencies in Ghana are weak and the output from the National Agricultural Research Systems has been lower than its potential. Effective links between research institutions and agencies are expected to emerge through the implementation of the National Agricultural Research Strategic Plan for 1995. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) was instituted to revitalize agricultural research in the country, improving its links with stake-holders and the farming communities so that research would stimulate productivitya. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research in agriculture.Crop Research Institute PO Box 3785, Kumasi, Ashanti Region
Animal Research Institute, ACHIMOTA, Accra
Food Research Institute PO Box M20, Accra, Fax +223-21 776 510
University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
University of Science & Technology, Kumasi
University of Cape Coast, Cape Coastb. Number of graduate level agricultural researchers employed:
Not Answered2. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure
The Ministry of Food and Agriculture is embarking on a unified extension system where only one extension agent - Front Line Staff, visits any one farmer and delivers improved technology from research. This system, it is hoped, would rectify the anomaly where hitherto, a number of extension agents from both government and non-governmental organizations visited a farmer with a variety of information on improved technology.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.The Director, Dept. of Agric. Extension Services, PO Box M37, Accra NGO's: World Vision International, Global 2000, Canadian University Students Organisation (CUSO), NULUX Cotton Company, Friends of the Earth, CIDA, USAID, FAO sponsored Peoples Participatory Project, Church organisations, etc.b. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment.
Professionals: 113, Sub-professionals: 189, Technical: 1,308, Sub-technical: 46.c. Number of actively employed extensionists.
See aboved. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
Extension agent to farmer ratio: 1:3,500.
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.Area under production (1994): 629,401 ha2. Estimated annual production
Estimated production (1994): 939,908 mt3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
Maize is the most cultivated crop in the country,4. Number of farmers involved in maize production.
About 1.9 million people are involved in maize production5. Proportion of farmers who:
a. Produce maize to sell.Not Answeredb. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption.
Not Answeredc. Produce maize for personal consumption.
Not Answered6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production
1994 - 122 mt of yellow maize was imported for animal feed.7. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.
Not Answered
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?There are no established mycotoxin standards in Ghana.b. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
The Food Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research offers aflatoxin analysis services on a routine basis to exporters, farmers and individuals. The Institute also carries out research into mycotoxins in various locally cultivated agricultural commodities, including maize. There are trained researchers and technicians capable of conducting analyses for aflatoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and X-zearalenol by TLC and HPLC. Plans are underway to establish procedures for fumonisin analysis.c. What is their staffing level?
Not Answeredd. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
No systematic monitoring of mycotoxins in maize is carried out in Ghana.2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
Agencies such as Nestle Ghana Ltd. do conduct examination before purchase.
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that teas an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.Not Answered
Information provided by:
Mrs. E. Adams
Plant Protection and Regulatory Services, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
A. Research
The Ministry of Health has a Health Research Unit that coordinates all research activities in the field of health in Ghana.1. Overview of medical research infrastructure.
a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.i. Noguichi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Accraii. Teaching Hospitals and Medical Schools (2):
School of Medical Sciences, U.S.T., Kumasi
University of Ghana Medical School, Legon, Accraiii. Navrongo Research Centre: Maternal and Child Health/Family Planning, Ministry of Health, Navrongo
iv. Kintampo Public Health Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Kintampo.
v. Faculty of Pharmacy: researches into drugs and herbs: U.S.T., Kumasi
vi. Food Research Institute, Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research, PO. Box M-20, Accra
vii. Regional and District Health Administration, Ministry of Health, PO. Box M-44, Accra
viii Centre for Research into Plant Medicine, Ministry of Health, Mampong-Akwapim.
b. Number of professional medical researchers employed:
Not answeredc. Laboratories capable of handling the following: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, or biotechnology?
i. Departments of Hematology, Biochemistry, and Histopathology Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P. O. Box 1934, Kumasiii. Departments of Biochemistry, and Biological Sciences U.S.T., Kumasi.
iii. Departments of Hematology, Biochemistry, and Histopathology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra.
iv. Department of Biochemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Ministry of Health (Institutional Care Division) keeps the addresses of all health institutions for both Government and Non governmental organizations and this is always available for whoever wants it.b. The comparative roles of government, NGO, and private clinical care.
There is a strong collaboration between the government, non-government organizations (NGO) and private institutions. Private medical providers are usually sited in bigger towns and villages and usually operate as clinics providing only one type of service e.g. maternity. The NGO facilities are mainly centered in remote areas where government facilities are not accessible.Ministry of Health formulates policies and implementation programs, and provide services; while the NGO and the private sector are mainly implementors/service providers. International NGO's provide funding for governmental and private activities. Ministry of Health has set up a regulatory mechanisms, through:
i. Medical and Dental council
ii. Pharmacy council, and
iii. Nurses and Midwives council.No. of Government hospitals - 77. No. of NGO hospitals - 32. No. of Private hospitals/clinics - 295c. Importance of 'traditional healers' and any registration systems for them.
'Traditional Healers' are well patronized by a cross-section of the Ghanaian population. There is a directorate in the Ministry of Health national headquarters with regular budget for the training, registration and integration of traditional healers into the PHC system.d. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment.
Health Services in Ghana is organized at the following levels:1. Community
There are about 35,000 communities in the country. Services to communities are delivered through outreach programmes. The packages consist mainly of public health activities like:
i. Immunization: (EPI and other vaccinations),
ii. Mass screening: (growth monitoring, dental check-ups, non-communicable diseases),
iii. Mass treatment: (Vit A prophylaxis, Iodine supplementation, treatment for parasitic worm, intestinal helminths),
iv. Health promotion: (control of AIDs, diet, alcohol and drugs), and
v. Surveillance of diseases of public health importance (cholera, yellow fever, guinea worm).
2. Sub-district
A sub-district is a geographical area with a population between 15,000 and 30,000. There are 679 sub-districts in Ghana. Under the medium term programme of Ministry of Health, every sub-district will have at least one health centre serving its population. At the moment, about 400 out of the 679 districts already have health centres.
A health centre provides three types of services: Public health, clinical and maternity; and it serves as the base from where services to the communities in its catchment area is organized. Each health centre has a team of health workers comprising:
i. Clinicians: general physician/practitioner, medical assistant, clinical nurse, pharmacist and laboratory technician,
ii. Public health officers: disease control and nutrition staff, public health nurses,
iii. Maternity Services: midwives.
3. District
A district is a politically demarcated geographical area. This is the referral level for all the 3 types of services from the subdistrict catchment population. Each district should have a district hospital. Currently, about 35 districts (out of 110) are yet to be provided with District Hospitals. Two (2) strategies are being used to correct the short-fall:
i. convert some health centres to hospitals,
ii. construct a totally new hospitals in areas where there is no health centre to be converted.
4. Region
This is the level at which specialized care in the broad areas of medicine and surgery is provided. This level is responsible for technical support for district hospitals, research and training as well as monitoring the quality of care within the region. Regional facilities and staff include:
i. Clinical care: physician specialist, surgeon, pediatrician, pathologist, dentist, psychiatrist, ophthalmologist and nurses specialized in clinical care, and laboratory technicians.
ii. Public Health: public health and disease control specialists, public health nurses, nutrition officers, health educators, biostatisticians
iii. Maternity: obstetrician and, gynecologists, midwives, nurses, anaesthetist.
5. National
The national level constitutes the apex of specialized and more sophisticated services. The focus is on providing laboratory support for public health surveillance, providing guidelines and protocols for monitoring disease trends, nutritional surveillance and advocacy for government policies to improve the health of Ghanaians.
e. Number of teaching hospitals.
Two (plans are far advanced for the establishment of a 3rd)
f. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff
Ten
2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i. e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.
There is an Expanded Programme of immunization reaching children 0 - 11 months at the community level. The vaccines and their schedules are: BCG - at birth, POLIO - (4 doses) at birth, six weeks, ten weeks, 14 weeks (4 doses), DPT (3 doses) - six weeks, ten weeks and 14 weeks, Measles 6 months and booster at 9 months, Yellow fever - 9 months, Tetanus (5 doses) from the age 12 years (few programmes give it). Funding is by Government of Ghana (GOG) and donors.
b. Child nutrition.
Micronutrient supplementation is delivered at the community level via school feeding programs and institutional based nutritional rehabilitation programs. Some of the micronutrients currently being distributed are iodine and Vitamin A. Funding is by GOG and donors.
c. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infections diseases.
notification using CDC forms/MIS being used by the health institutions and funding is by GOG and donors.
C. Other
Any unique feature that teas an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.
A number of factors have been responsible for the relatively slow improvement in Public Health Care and Medical development in Ghana.Inadequate access and poor quality of health services: About 35 - 40% of the population, most of whom are in the rural areas, do not have easy access to the health system. The quality of health services is generally poor, as a result of which public confidence in the health system is low. The reasons for inadequate access to quality care are:
i. Inappropriate prioritisation of services,
ii. Centralized and vertical organizational set up,
iii. Weak linkages between different health care providers,
iv. Inadequate and poor distribution of human resources,
v. Inadequate provision and poor management of logistics,
vi. Limited and deteriorating infrastructure,
vii. Weak monitoring and supervision,
viii. Limited role of households and communities,
ix. Inadequate financing and inappropriate use of limited resources.Other problems include:
i. Limited access to water and sanitation,ii. High population growth rate: Ghana has one of the highest population growth rates in the world, and its population has almost doubled between 1970 and 1994. If current growth rate at 3t p.a. is maintained the population will be 19.5m by the year 2000. (16.9m in 1994)
iii. Poverty: Income is clearly associated with peoples' standard of living and access to food, education and health care. It is estimated that about 8 million Ghanaians are employed, but mostly as peasant farmers and small scale traders, and about one third of the population lives in poverty.
iv. Low female literacy rate: Female education plays an important role in health since women make many of the decisions about the health of the family. Better educated people know more about healthy behaviour and make better choices about childbearing, food distribution and nutrition, personal hygiene and seeking health care. The literacy rate among the adult population is generally low with women lagging behind (64% for men and 42% for women).
v. Poor nutrition,
vi. Ethnic characteristics: Most indigenous people believe that sickness and death are caused by evil spirits.
This belief affects the effectiveness of community participation, since those who have such a belief can hardly be convinced that proper sanitary practices, and provision of adequate sanitary and water facilities are enough to reduce the incidence of disease.vii. Eruptions of ethnic conflict have also helped to destroy the existing health infrastructure in certain remote or/and inaccessible areas in the country. Some of these ethnic tensions have had negative impact on service delivery because health staff refuse posting into these conflict areas. Donors who usually fund infrastructure development prefer a relatively stable and peaceful region and are skeptical about supporting the conflict areas.
Information provided by:
Ministry of Health, Accra
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.a. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research in agricultureMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry
Institute of Agricultural Research of Guinea (IRAG)
IRAG has developed its activities through six agricultural research training centres in the four main regions of the country:Basse Guinée: Foulayah, Kilissi, Koba
Moyenne Guinée: Bareng
Haute Guinée: Bordeau
Guinée Forestière: Sérédoub. Number of graduate level agricultural researchers employed:
102 trained officials are involved in agricultural research. All have the specific status of researcher in the Guinean civil service.
2. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure.
a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.The National Service for Rural Promotion and Extension (SNPRV) is the only body dealing with extension. It is part of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry and its office is in Conakry. It covers 32 of the 33 Prefectures. The Prefecture of Siguiri is covered by the Integrated Development Project of Siguiri.NGOs active in agricultural research and extension in Guinea:
South/South/West exchange in rural environments (ESSOR)
Nationality: French
Address: c/o Ambassade de France en Guinée - BP 51 - PITA
Research location: Timbi Madina (PITA)
Projects: Aid for fruit production and forestry extensionLoire Atlantique Cooperation (LAC)
Nationality: French
Address: BP 170, Kindia
Research location: Kindia
Projects: Collaboration on a village entreprise with a national NGO (APEK) Association for the economic promotion of Kindia, where agricultural projects are researched and developed.Association of Volunteers for Education and the Development of Women (AVEDEF)
Nationality: Guinean
Address: BP 2334, Conakry
Research location: Kissidougou
Projects: Training and management of 14 women's market garden groupsYouth association of Bouliwel (AJB)
Nationality: Guinean
Address: BP 3909, Conakry
Research location: Bouliwel - Mamou
Projects: Creation of a forestry nursery of 3,000 plants of Acacia auriculiformis and 1,000 of Acacia maygiumAssociation of Guineans of Mamyah (AREMA)
Nationality: Guinean
Address: BP 12044, Conakry
Research location: Tougnifili (Mamyah) Boffa
Projects: Creation of a 1/2 hectare market garden and a nursery of 1,000 fruit trees.Agro-pastoral collective of Bouré (CAP-BOURE)
Nationality: Guinean
Address:
Research location: Siguiri
Projects: Research and extension of new growing techniques for rice, maize and other cereal crops.Association for the Economic Promotion of Kindia (APEK)
Nationality: Guinean
Address: BP 170, Conakry
Research location: Kindia
Projects: Extension of market garden crops (beans, tomatoes, lettuce) and air-fed (rice and maize). Preparation of 45 ha of land for farmer groups in Kindia.Union for the Socio-Economic Promotion of Guinea (UPSEG)
Nationality: Guinean
Address: BP 119, Conakry
Research location: Kankan
Projects: Training in growing techniques for tobacco.French Association of Volunteers for Progress (AFVP)
Nationality: French
Address: BP 150, Conakry
Research location: N'Zérékoré, Pita, Mamou, Kankan
Projects: Preparation of the plain of Lafou for growing rice and cash crops, extension of the plain of Kapatechz.b. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment.
Structure of the SNPRV
Three levels:1 Management
National Director
Administrative and financial department
Department of evaluation and follow-up.
Technical divisions
Training
Extension
Research and Development
Support to farmer organisations2 Regional level
Each division has two or three sections according to its activities
A regional Director for extension is assisted by the following officers:1 agricultural training officer
1 regional accountant
1 research and development officer
1 specialist sowing technician
1 officer supporting farmer organizations
2 officers in charge of follow-up or enquiries
1 woman officer in charge of support to rural women3 Prefectorial level
1 officer in charge of agricultural projects (COA) who represents the SNPRV at the prefecture
2 specialized technicians
Supervisors of zone heads
Supervisors for extension officers (1 supervisor for 8 extension officers)
The extension agent deals with a district which does not necessarily correspond to the political map. This district is called the Agricultural District and may contain 1 or 2 administrative districts.
Subjects for extension are demonstrated to members of the contact group (demonstration trials with traditional techniques used as controls). Each farmer member of the contact group passes on the message to other farmers by the same practical system of demonstration.
c. Number of actively employed extensionists.
1,000 with direct contact with farmers.
d. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
1 extension officer per 250-300 families.
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.1991-92 77,481 ha2. Estimated annual production.
80,411 mt (1991-92)3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
10 % of total area and third after rice and fonio.4. Number of farmers involved in maize production.
Not answered5. Proportion of farmers who:
a. Produce maize to sell.Haute Guinée 15%
Basse Guinée and Guinée Forestière 15%b. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption.
Not answeredc. Produce maize for personal consumption.
Haute Guinée 70%
Basse Guinée and Guinée Forestière 5%6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production.
At this time Guinea does not import or export maize.7. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.
Not Answered
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?Not Answeredb. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
Not Answeredc. What is their staffing level?
Not Answeredd. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
Not Answered2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that has an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.Not Answered
Information provided by:
Mamady Camara
Head, Plant Protection Division
Laboratoire National de la Protection des Végétaux et des Denrées Stockées
A. Research
1. Overview of medical research infrastructure.a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.Government OrganizationsMinistry of Health - Bureau d'Etudes, Planification et Recherche
Centre Hospital - Universitaire Donka BP234
Centre Hospital - Universitaire Ignace Deen
National Public Health Laboratory
Traditional Medicine Division
Institute of Child Nutrition and Health
Programme Paludisme, Lèpre, Tuberculose, & Onchocércose (Conakry)
Ministry of Education - National Direction of Scientific Research BP 561, Conakry.
Faculty of Medicine/Pharmacy/Odontostomatology, BP 1017, Conakry
Institute of Research in Applied Biology (IRBAG), BP 146, Kindia
National Center for Anatomical Pathology. BP 4152, ConakryNon-governmental Organizations
National NGO's
Guinée Family Planning Association (AGBEF)
Reproduction Research of Guinée
Guinée Society of Gynecologists/Obstetricians (SOGGO)
Ligne Guinéenne de Lutte Contre le CancerInternational NGO's
ORSTOM
MSF/Belgique, BP 3523, Conakry
G.T.Z. Conakry, Fax 41 22 20b. Number of professional medical researchers employed:
Scientific researchers/Ingénieurs 95, Technicians 176, (SOURCE: Potentiel scientifique et technologique de la Guinée 1992 DNRST:/MESRS, B78.).There is no available data concerning academic degrees.
c. Laboratories capable of handling the following: hematology, biochemistry, histopathology, or biotechnology?
Centre National d'Anatomie-Pathologie C.H.U. Donka BP 4152, Conakry
Biochemical laboratory IRBAG, Kindia
Biochemical laboratory (Dr. T. Diakite), Faculté de Médecine/Pharmacie, University of Conakry,
Hematology laboratory (Dr. Doumbouya) C.H.U. DONKA, Conakry
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Governmental administration of public health services is as follows:Ministry of Health, 3 National Directorates (Etablissement de Soins, Santé Publique, and Pharmacies and Laboratories), 4 Directions Communales de la Santé, 8 Inspection Régionale de la Santé, and 29 Direction Préfectorale de la Santé.
Aid agencies: WHO, UNICEF, FNUAP, PNUD, CEE, BAD, BID, World Bank, Bilateral collaboration with (GTZ, USAID, Coopération Française, Fond Saoudien)
Non-governmental organizations MSF-Belgique, MSF-France, Medicus Mundi, CESTAS, A.F.V.P., GVC, CERAK-SANTE, CECI, Pharmaciens Sans Frontieres, Oeuvres Hospitalier de l'Ordre de Malte, Mission Philafricaine. * The multitude of NGO's and donor organizations pose a problem in coordination of activities.
b. The comparative roles of government, NGO, and private clinical care.
Not Answeredc. Importance of 'traditional bearers' and any registration systems for them.
Traditional medicine practitioners are contacted first in case of illness in practically all rural areas of the country. A census of traditional medicine practitioners is underway in the country, and an evaluation of medical competence of these practitioners is planned by the Division of Traditional Medicine of the Ministry of Health.d. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment.
Not Answerede. Number of teaching hospitals.
There are 2 university hospitals in the capital.f. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff.
Village level - there are 71 Poste de Santé throughout the country, each one serving from 600 to 3000 habitants. Rural centers and urban areas - there are 304 Health Centers (CS) which are expected to serve between 10,000 and 20,000 habitants which are integral in the PEV/SSP/ME program. These centers are staffed by a center chief; medical doctor or registered nurse (in large population centers); and other paramedical personnel: nurses, mid wives, public health technician, laboratory technician, health technician and village health aides (traditional midwives or others). Personnel per CS varies between 5 agents (where 3 are paid by the government) to 12 agents (where 9 are paid by the government). Other agents are paid by the prefecture or commune.Each prefecture has a hospital, directed by a medical doctor. There are 26 Préfecture hospitals which provide medicine, pediatrics, surgeries, & ob/gyn. 7 Regional hospitals offer the same services as the préfectoral hospitals with the addition of ORL, Ophthalmology, Pneumology.
In the private sector, there are 14 clinics, 33 consultories, 63 first aid centers, 5 laboratories, and 128 pharmacies (mostly in Conakry).
2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i.e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.Vaccination Program (PEV/SSP). In 1993, 55 to 76% coverage was attained.b. Child nutrition.
Program of Child Nutritionc. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases.
Cancer registry was established in 1991 with the International Institute for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. The registry is located with the Centre National d'Anatomie Pathologie de Donka and is financed via IARC. Between 1991-1993 approximately 2,000 cases were registered.Other diseases are registered as part of an effort of the Ministry of Health to identify the principal motives of medical consultation and hospitalization in the country.
C. Other
Any unique feature that teas an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.Since 1984, health policy in Guinea has been based on primary health care: expanded vaccination program; primary health care program; and essential medicines (PEV/SSP/ME).The unique nature of Guinea's medical programme stems from the originality of the PEV/SSP/ME program which has had an amazing success thanks to support from the government. In fact, the methodology of the program was worked out in great detail including 6-monthly monitoring to facilitate analysis of the situation and the rapid decision making if necessary.
Reference documents
1 Essential National Research in Health, summary of activities 1993, Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Guinea.2 Scientific and Technical Potential of Guinea 1992. National Directorate of Scientific Research MESRS B78, Republic of Guinea.
3 Three Year Rolling Plan 1993-96. Bureau for Planning Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, 1993.
4 National Policy and Plan of Action for Nutrition in Guinea Conakry, 1994. Food and Nutrition Division, Ministry of Health.
5 Internal Evaluation Report on the Activities of the National SSP Program, 1993. Ministry of Health, Ministry of the Interior/UNICEF/OMS.
Information provided by:
Dr. Moussa Kolibaly and Dr. Mamadou Samba Diallo
Register of Cancers in Guinea, BP 4152, CHU Donka, Conakry and Institute of Applied Biology of Kindia, BP 146
A. General
1. Overview of agricultural research infrastructure.a. Governmental research organizations and universities that conduct research. in agriculture.Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) PO Box 57811, Nairobi
Kenya Institute of Organic Farming, PO Box 34972,
Nairobi Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU) PO Box 52840, Nairobi
Action Aid, PW Box 42814, Nairobi.
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Marketing PO Box 30028
Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources, PO Box 30126, Nairobi
Ministry of Cooperative Development, PO Box 30547, Nairobi
Plant International East and Central Africa, PO Box 61955, Nairobib. Number of graduate level agricultural researchers employed:
PhD 41, MSc/D.E.A. 264, BSc/Ing. Agr. 412. Overview of agricultural extension infrastructure.
a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.Kerio Valley Development Authority, PO Box 68258, Nairobi
Tana and Athi River Development Authority, PO Box 47309, Nairobi
Lake Basin Development Authority, PO Box 1516, Kisumu
Agricultural Finance Corporationb. Sub-division structure of governmental organization, and personnel deployment.
Not Answeredc. Number of actively employed extensionists.
5,000 extension agentsd. Extension agent to farmer ratio.
Extension agent to farmer ratio: 1:600
B. Maize
1. Approximate area under maize production in 1995.Area under production (1995): 1,500,000 ha (approx)2. Estimated annual production.
Estimated production: 2,700,000 mt3. Importance of maize relative to other crops.
Maize is the most important single agricultural commodity in Kenya. It occupies more than 20% of the medium to high potential land and utilizes 25% of agricultural employment.
Area (Ha) Under Cultivation of the Principal Cereals in Kenya
|
Year |
Maize |
Sorghum |
Millet |
Wheat |
Cowpea |
Beans |
|
1991 |
1,310,000 |
114,711 |
100,419 |
143,072 |
109,070 |
601,566 |
|
1992 |
1,407,000 |
114,972 |
90,271 |
153,420 |
155,000 |
588,720 |
|
1993 |
1,343,485 |
120,181 |
85,139 |
154,241 |
140,398 |
627,941 |
|
1994 |
1,500,000 |
175,300 |
100,290 |
134,000 |
136,000 |
646,000 |
Production (T 000) of the Principal Cereals in Kenya
|
Year |
Maize |
Sorghum |
Millet |
Wheat |
Cowpea |
Beans |
|
1991 |
2,340 |
101 |
5 |
265 |
59 |
400 |
|
1992 |
2,430 |
129 |
5 |
297 |
76 |
450 |
|
1993 |
1,755 |
90 |
58 |
211 |
83 |
409 |
|
1994 |
2,970 |
108 |
70 |
277 |
77 |
281 |
Source: Min. Agriculture, Livestock Development and Marketing Food Crop Section4. Number of farmers involved in maize production.
Farmers involved in maize production 80%.5. Proportion of farmers who:
a. Produce maize to sell.710% produce maize to sell.b. Produce maize to sell and for personal consumption.
20% for sale and consumption.c. Produce maize for personal consumption.
70% consumption.6. Is your country a net importer or exporter of maize? Percentage of production exported, or tons imported with respect to total production.
Kenya is a potential exporter of maize.
Exports (T):
|
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
|
159,883 |
18,720 |
417 |
111 |
1,685 |
7. Number of agricultural researchers dedicated to maize.30 researchers are dedicated to maize research.
C. Mycotoxins
1. Information on mycotoxin monitoring.a. Are there regulatory specifications about mycotoxins within the laws of your country? Are they enforced?The food, drugs and chemical substances act (Chapter 254, revised 1992) sets legal limits for aflatoxin in maize flour at 20 ppb, for maize at 0 ppb.b. Number of laboratories active in mycotoxin monitoring.
Laboratories which can conduct mycotoxin testing:Kenya Bureau of Standards, MSc 1, BSc 3
Government Chemist, MSc 3, BSc 7, Technicians 2
National Public Health Laboratories, BSc 10
National Agricultural Research Laboratories, 1 PhD, 4MSc, 3 Techniciansc. What is their staffing level?
See Aboved. Percentage of maize production subject to mycotoxin monitoring.
Only maize that enters into commerce, ie for export (10%) is controlled.2. If there are no official mycotoxin monitoring laboratories, list any laboratories in universities or in the national agriculture research systems that are equipped and have personnel that might be able to conduct analyses of this type.
Not Answered
D. Other
Any unique feature of your country that has an impact on agriculture and agricultural development e.g. geographic features, special ethnic cultivation or utilization practices, specialized training capability.Kenya comprises about 46 ethnic groups which have diverse traditions, culture and languages. The Kiswahili language seems to be understood by most communities. Ethnic migration and shifting has spread farming practices and crops into communities that had been primarily pastoralists. Now, farming activities are undertaken by nearly all tribes.Land, in Kenya, belongs to individuals and the state. Individuals with the power to purchase land can do so anywhere in the country. This has enhanced agricultural development because those who buy land usually introduce agricultural technology hitherto unknown in their new settlement.
Information provided by:
Gilbert Kibata
Crop Protection Project, KARI, PO Box 14733, Nairobi,
Kenya
A. Research
1. Overview of medical research. infrastructure.a. Government and non-government organizations (NGOs), universities and hospitals that conduct research.University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences, PO Box 30197, NairobiUniversity of Nairobi, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, PO Box 30197, Nairobi
University of Nairobi, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, PO Box 30197, Nairobi
Moi University, College of Health Sciences, PO Box 3900, Eldoret
Kenyatta University, Zoology Department, PO Box 40861, Nairobi
Kenyatta University, Home Economics and Nutrition Department, PO Box 40861, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Medical Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Clinical Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Biomedical Sciences Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Traditional Medicines and Drugs Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Virus Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Microbiology Research Center, PO Box 20752, Nairobi
Ministry of Health, Division of Communicable Disease, PO Box 30016, Nairobi
Ministry of Health, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, PO Box 30016, Nairobi
Ministry of Health, Division of Family Health, PO Box 30016, Nairobi Ministry of Health, Division of Research
Standards & Quality Control, PO Box 30016, Nairobi
Ministry of Health, National Public Health Laboratory, PO Box 30016, Nairobi
b. Number of professional medical researchers employed:
Doctorate (181), Masters (349)c. Laboratories capable of handling the following:
Hematology:University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Moi University, College of Health Sciences
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Medical Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Clinical Research CenterBiochemistry:
University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Biological and Physical Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Moi University, College of Health Sciences
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Medical Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Clinical Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Virus Research Center
Ministry of Health, National Public Health LaboratoryHistopathology:
University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Virus Research CenterBiotechnology:
University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Biological and Physical Sciences
University of Nairobi, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Clinical Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Biomedical Sciences Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Traditional Medicines and Drugs Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Virus Research Center
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Microbiology Research Center
Egerton University, Department of Animal Health, PO Box 536, Njoro
B. Primary health care
1. Overview of primary health care infrastructure.a. Governmental and non-governmental organizations.GovernmentalMinistry of Health (MoH) PO Box 30016, Nairobi, Tel 717077
Ministry of Local Government PO Box 30004, Nairobi, Tel 217475 or 228411Non-Governmental
Aga Khan Foundation/Aga Khan Health Services (Kenya) PO Box 40898, Nairobi, Tel 340625/222384, Fax. 337562
Action Aid - Kenya PO Box 42814, Nairobi, Tel 62761
African Medical Research Foundation (AMREF), PO Box 30125, Nairobi, Tel 501300/1
Catholic Secretariat - PO Box 30690, Nairobi, Tel 441920
Christian Health Association of Kenya, PO Box 30690, Nairobi, Tel 441920
Christian Childrens Fund - PO Box 14038, Nairobi, Tel 444890 Fax 444426
World Vision (Kenya)- PO Box 50816, Nairobi, Fax 334088
Bellevue Foundation - PO Box 44145, Nairobi, Tel 726547, Fax 215584
b. The comparative roles of government, NGO, and private clinical care.
Comparative roles played by different stakeholders:Facilities: government supports over 59% of the health facilities,
Financing: MOH meets about 43% of the total health finance,
Personnel: Nursing staff of enrolled and registered nurses constitutes two thirds of registered medical personnel. MOH employs 69.5% of all registered medical personnel in the country.
Health Facilities by Type and Sponsor
|
Sponsor |
Hospital |
Health Center |
Dispensary |
Other |
Total |
|
MOH |
103 |
350 |
1158 |
223 |
1834 |
|
Private |
43 |
87 |
409 |
300 |
839 |
|
Missionary |
62 |
8 |
285 |
52 |
467 |
|
Local Govts |
1 |
31 |
8 |
52 |
112 |
|
Kenya Govt other |
1 |
- |
2 |
3 |
6 |
c. Importance of 'traditional bearers' and any registration systems for them.Traditional healers are used by practically all ethnic groups in the country. The registration of traditional doctors has been recommended by the government and the process is on-going under supervision of provincial administrationsd. Hierarchy of governmental organizations, and personnel deployment.
At central level, the Ministry of Health senior officials coordinate all private health care (PHC) activities.At district level, a District Health Management Team with a Medical Officer in charge and district heads of nursing, nutrition, durgs, laboratory and clinical services.
Both for governmental and NGO PHC initiatives, the conceptual framework is similar: the village (community) is a unit of service delivery and administration. Village based community health workers operate under guidance of MOH core team or NGO personnel, or both.
Registered Medical Personal 1992-1993
|
Type |
Number |
No/100,000 Population |
|
Doctor |
3,794 |
15.5 |
|
Pharmacist |
664 |
2.7 |
|
Pharmaceutical Technicians |
720 |
2.5 |
|
Registered Nurses |
6,210 |
25.3 |
|
Enrolled Nurses |
20,933 |
85.4 |
|
Clinical officers |
2,913 |
11.9 |
|
Public Health Officers |
732 |
3.0 |
|
Public Health Technicians |
4,203 |
17.1 |
e. Number of teaching hospitals.
There are two teaching hospitals for university training level.f. Number of regional or rural hospitals with medically trained staff.
There are also 6 provincial and 3 district hospitals with teaching responsibilities for paramedical cadres.2. Extension health care programs and their sources of support (i.e. private or public funding).
a. Vaccination programs.
Vaccination program - coverage about 79% (expected to rise to 90%), co-funded Kenya government, UNICEF, and collateral support from International development agencies such as DANIDA.b. Child nutrition.
Parallel to the immunization program, growth monitoring and promotion using Child Health and Nutrition System (CHANTS) is carried out. The government plans to strengthen the child nutrition service through training and implementing the promotion activities in schools. Promotional activities will be carried out in collaboration with the World Bank. The Ministry of Education has formally established a section on school health and nutrition.
c. Disease registries for cancer, hepatitis, and infectious diseases.
The National Cancer Registry was established in the sixties and functioned until the mid-eighties. We are working out modalities to revive this registry through the Ministry of Health Information Systems (HIS). The registry for hepatitis and other infectious diseases is based on returns from health facilities to the HIS.
C. Other
Any unique feature that teas an impact on public health care and medical development e.g. geographic features, specific ethnic characteristics, or any specialized training capability.
In the rural areas, where 80% of the population lives, ethnic groups such as Bantus, Nilotes and Nilohermites have retained a significant proportion of their cultural dietary and food processing practices, including food storage. The later is illustrated by the grain storage practices of the Kamba people. Traditionally, maize is pounded using a pestle and mortar in moisture, then dried and stored in pots. This community has reported outbreaks of acute aflatoxin poisoning.Changing geographical trends in cancer distribution, in particular oesophageal and primary hepatomas, would be an expected attribute of food trafficking dynamics.
Reference Documentation:
Proc. of the Convention on National Health Research Plan (Oduwo, R.N, et al., eds) 1994. National HealthResearch and Development Centre, Nairobi.
Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 1993. National Council for Population and Development, Central Bureau of Statistics. Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA.
Kenya's Health Policy Framework, 1994. Ministry of Health, Nairobi
Information provided by:
D. L. Mwaniki
Medical Research Center, KEMRI, PO Box 20752, Nairobi, KenyaInternational partner institutions
African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Kenya (V.M. Nantulya)
The African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) is an independent non-profit organization which has been working for over 38 years to improve the health of the people of Africa. AMREF, with its headquarters in Nairobi, was founded in 1957 and is one of the few international non-governmental organizations based in Africa.
AMREF's overall goal is to identify health needs and develop, implement, and evaluate methods and programs to meet those needs through service, training, and research AMREF runs a wide variety of innovative projects with an emphasis on appropriate low-cost health care for people in rural areas. Project funds come from government and non-government aid agencies in Africa, Europe, and North America as well as from private donors. The Foundation has official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
AMREF's program focus is on child survival and development; sexual and reproductive health; environmental health; health policy and delivery systems; capacity building in national health systems; community based health organizations and NGOs; clinical emergencies and humanitarian response; and control of specific diseases, namely, malaria, hydatidosis and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
AMREF produces a wide range of books, manuals, and health journals such as Afya, Cobasheca, and Defender. In addition, it distributes many books from other publishing houses on a range of health-related subjects. These books are available from AMREF's headquarters, country offices, and leading booksellers throughout eastern Africa.
AMREF's staff number about 600, of whom 95% are African. AMREF runs about 80 health-related projects, including the world famous Flying Doctor Service, in several African countries.
To meet the growing demand on its services, AMREF has to raise more than US$ 12 million annually. To achieve this target, AMREF has offices in ten countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, UK and USA) to help with fund-raising, coordinating with governments, recruiting staff, and circulating information about its work. AMREF has country offices in Tanzania and Uganda and has recently established a presence in South Africa. The Foundation's capacity building activities currently extend beyond these countries and its role in health development in Africa is likely to increase in the near future.
CIRAD, France (R. Schilling)
The Center for International Cooperation for Agricultural Research and Development (CIRAD) is the primary vehicle for French technical cooperation in tropical agricultural research. Its main aim is to contribute towards the improvement of productivity and the quality of agricultural and tropical forest products, in response to requests from producers, manufacturers and consumers. The scientific method applied is to use a networking approach integrated into a multidisciplinary perspective encompassing the entire intervention sequence from creation of plant material to evaluation of the finished product. This approach can be applied to a wide range of plant and animal products, including groundouts (part of the Oleoprotein Programme) and maize (part of the Cereal Programme).
CIRAD has 1,800 permanent personnel, including 900 researchers, 372 of whom are posted overseas (in 1995) in 50 countries. In Africa, CIRAD has developed good links with, and is an associate member of, the CORAF networks.
CNR, Italy (A. Visconti)
The Institute of Toxins and Mycotoxins of the Italian National Research Council is involved in several research activities in the mycotoxin area in collaboration with international institutions. Several projects have been carried out; in particular under the auspices of different programs of the European Commission, both at European level (coordination of a collaborative study for the improvement of fumonisins analysis in maize), and in cooperation with developed and/or developing countries. The Institute is willing to take part in future projects within the EU-Developing Countries cooperation program. This workshop certainly offers the best opportunity to produce good proposals with the involvement of more than two European Union Member States and two African countries.
CORAF (R. Schilling)
The Conference of Leaders of African Agricultural Research (CORAF) was created in 1987 in order to support national research institutions, to coordinate activities and to develop regional projects within the "plant network" focused on common themes (drought, fallow, evaluation of eco-regions...).
CORAF now comprises scientific institutions from 22 countries of central and west Africa and Madagascar., with no language barrier, organised into nine networks: groundnut, cotton, maize, rice, drought resistance, livestock, vegetable growing and forestry. Some institutions from the North, including CIRAD are associated with CORAF.
The groundnut network is part of the work group on the control of aflatoxins in West Africa which held its first meeting in Accra, in June 1995. Projects are currently being developed, and collaboration with researchers working in the medical sector and on maize is actively encouraged. This workshop is an ideal opportunity to make the contacts which will enable this to happen.
GTZ, Germany (A. Stadler)
GTZ is the German office for technical cooperation, the executive organ of the German Ministry for Cooperation. The Health, Population and Nutrition Department is responsible for health projects in 20 sub-Saharan countries, of which 11 are in West Africa. All of these are bilateral projects, i.e. GTZ is supporting or contributing to a national (mostly governmental) project.
GTZ is not principally a donor or funding agency, but runs its own projects (exceptions are possible). The Health, Population and Nutrition Department is mainly involved in health system development and research, comprising components such as: essential drugs supply systems, health finance approaches, health information systems, health district development, manpower development and others. Additionally, health maintenance systems comprising reproductive health (family planning, mother and child and others), urban health services, disease control programs, AIDS/STD (sexually transmitted diseases), malaria, TB (tuberculosis) and others, are a part of the activities of the Department..
The GTZ Health, Population and Nutrition Department is a WHO research collaboration center for health system research, and is involved in several WHO programs. It also collaborates with ICO. Furthermore, it has established working relationships with UNICEF, IPPF and several other important organizations.
Currently, the Health, Population and Nutrition Department is not involved in working with mycotoxins.
IDRC, Canada (D. Miller)
The International Development Research Center (Ottawa) has supported mycotoxin work for about 15 years. This has taken the form of research projects on aflatoxin and Fusarium in several countries. A major task has been to promote information exchange on mycotoxins, and workshops have been supported in Mexico, Argentina, and Bangkok, among other countries. IDRC has supported the development of reports on mycotoxin problems and research in South America, Asia, China, India, and Africa. A publication on reducing Fusarium toxins in cereals was produced in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese and was widely distributed. Reports on mycotoxins in developing countries have been published in book form (Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds other than aflatoxin), and in Mycotoxin Research.
Canada played a major role in the mycotoxin committee of the Group for Assistance for Grain Under Harvest (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and FAO) which completed its work in 1994. The IDRC provided support to the Benin workshop and is considering the possibility of supporting further efforts to build broad support for reducing mycotoxins in food.
NCRI, Norway (L. Sundheim)
FUSARIUM INFECTION AND FUMONISINS IN MAIZE FROM FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN ZAMBIA.
L. Sundheim, J. Schjoth. The Norwegian Crop Research Institute, N-1432 As, Norway; D. Ristanovic, Golden Valley Regional Research Institute, Chisamba, Zambia; A. Visconti, Instituto Tossine e Micotossine Vegetali, CAR, Bari, Italy
During three years we compared maize varieties and planting dates in field experiments at Misamfu and Golden Valley Regional Research Stations in Northern and Central Provinces, respectively, in Zambia. Fusarium moniliforme was the dominating species isolated from the maize kernels. Fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 were detected in the yield and represent significant problems.
Natural Resources Institute (NRI), United Kingdom (R. Coker)
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR MYCOTOXIN ACTIVITIES
The Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is the executive agency of the Overseas Development Administration and forms an integral component of the British Government's overseas aid program. Its principal aim is to alleviate poverty and hardship in developing countries by increasing the productivity of their renewable natural resources. NRI employs some five hundred staff representing a wide range of scientific, and socio-scientific, disciplines.
The Food Quality Group specializes in the diagnosis and control of food spoilage, focusing upon problems arising from contamination by bacteria, bacterial toxins, molds and mold toxins (mycotoxins). The Group has a modern suite of microbiological, chemical and pilot laboratories which support a wide-ranging program of research and technology transfer activities. A significant proportion of the Group's activities is performed in developing countries and frequently includes the provision of training in many aspects of microbiology and mycotoxicology.
Activities within the mycotoxicology field have recently included the development of a wide variety of chemical and biological methods for the determination of molds and mycotoxins, including surveillance, sampling and sample preparation methodologies; and the development and evaluation of chemical detoxification procedures. Particular emphasis is placed upon the development of simple, robust methods which can be successfully applied in developing country environments. In recent years, the results of these studies have been applied to the control of molds and mycotoxins in, for example, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Kenya.
UNICEF (A. Mendoza, A. Karim)
The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is particularly concerned with the nutritional problems affecting children, and thus with research on toxins. The impact of mycotoxins on the nutritional status of children, before and after weaning, is considerable. The Fund take this into consideration in its intervention strategies and its overall objective, which is to reduce, protein-energy malnutrition in children by 50% before the next century. UNICEF will closely follow the outcome of agricultural and medical research on this subject.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria (K.F. Cardwell)
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture is one of the agricultural research institutes in the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Development. The institute is funded by various governments world-wide. The institute headquarters is located in Ibadan, Nigeria, and there are research stations and out-posted scientists located across sub-Saharan Africa. IITA has the primary goal of improving the welfare of Africans by working together with National Agricultural Research and Extension partners to improve food security and quality. The crop mandates of IITA include cowpea, cassava, maize, plantain, soybean and yam. Research is conducted on these crops and the cropping systems in which they are found, by international scientists specialized in the areas of plant protection, economics, and resource management, crop genetics and biotechnology. One division of the institute is dedicated to training and international cooperation. This division links IITA's scientists to their counterparts throughout sub-Saharan African. The long-term presence of IITA, and the dedication of its scientists to African agriculture, has made this institute known throughout the continent as a partner in agricultural development.
The Mycology Group of the Technical University of Denmark (Ole Filtenberg)
Our main research effort over the last 25 years has been focused on taxonomic and analytical identification methods for filamentous fungi in foods. We have concentrated on toxigenic fungi and have discovered a fundamental correlation between the fungal species and the mycotoxins, or rather the secondary metabolites produced by the species. This has led us to a very specific description of a fungal species. We have shown, with these methods, that different kinds of food have their own characteristic and limited set of species which attack and spoil the food, and each mycotoxin is only produced by a very restricted number of species which are able to spoil the food in question. This means that experts in the locally important fungal species can be fairly easily trained to assess the mycotoxigenicity of the local flora.
We have developed simple isolation and identification systems for filamentous fungi, and we are now teaching these to students in the University and to employees in several food industries. These methods are easy to use and require only basic laboratory equipment. This means that we could assist in an African project by training National program scientists to identify the fungal species which occur on local products so that they can conduct independent analyses in their laboratories in Africa.
© 1996 International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA)