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Institut f�r berufliche Entwicklung e.V.
Berlin
Original title:
Lehrbeispiele f�r die berufspraktische Ausbildung
"Nageln und
Schrauben"
Author: Harald Stelzer
First edition © IBE
Institut f�r berufliche Entwicklung e.V.
Parkstra�e
23
13187 Berlin
Order No.: 93-33-3501/2
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Preliminary Remarks
The present documentation contains six selected instruction examples which serve to apply and consolidate the knowledge and skills of nailing and screwing techniques.
The basic idea of this technique is the making of wood joints, as well as the fastening of mountings on wood by means of nails or screws.
Each of the six selected instruction examples offers different possibilities to make wood joints or fasten mountings by means of nails or screws for holding or securing the parts to be joined.
The following criteria are to be considered:
- kind and extent of load the joint is exposed to
- durability
- optical-esthetical appearance
- risk of injury.
The kinds of joints offered in the instruction examples can be practised on other workpieces as well depending on the requirements of the trainee's working range and/or factory.
This could be for example:
- fastening of floor boarding, rear walls of furniture
- assembly of picket fences, batten doors and plank doors, transport boxes
- mounting on furniture and structural wood members, makeshift furniture.
To facilitate the preparation and implementation of the works, the materials, tools, measuring, testing and auxiliary means required for each instruction example are stated.
The work routine mentioned for the individual instruction examples contains the sequence of operations which are necessary for making the nail and/or screw joint.
A work drawing is attached to each example which shows the type and arrangement of the nails or screws as well as the shapes and/or dimensions of the workpiece.
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Instruction Example 01.1. Nailing of a Lath Grid
In this instruction example, nailing in long wood is practised.
Material
7 laths
thickness: 25 mm
width: 40 mm
length: 600
mm
2 crosspieces
thickness: 45 mm
width: 50 mm
length: 400 mm
Medium-firm wood
Countersunk-head nails 60 mm long
Figure
Tools:
hammer, nail punch, pincers
Measuring and testing means:
back square, folding rule, vernier caliper
Auxiliary means:
spacing strip 20 mm thick, 20 mm wide, 600 mm long; firm, non-springy bench top at working height; pencil
Required previous knowledge
reading of drawings, measuring and scribing
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
|
1. Prepare the workplace, make the working materials available |
Check the completeness of tools and materials! |
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2. Mark the outer edges of the cross members on the working plane |
Putch both crosspieces at a distance of 500 mm (inside) in parallel to each other on the working plane and mark the outer edges on the working plane with a pencil. |
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3. Put the laths together, determine the nailing points and mark them with a pencil |
When fixing the nailing points, observe the required distances from the edge so as to avoid splitting of the wood! |
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4. Nail the rear lath |
Put the rear lath flush onto the crosspieces. First, drive in one nail on each side, check the angularity, if necessary, correct it, then drive in the second nail on each side. Prior to this, the nails ate to be upset! |
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5. Pin the front lath |
Put the front lath flush on the cross members and pin it. Do not drive in the nails completely! |
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6. Nailing of all the other laths |
Put the spacing strip against the rear lath, put the next lath flush onto the crosspieces and nail. Proceed in the same way with all the other laths. |
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7. Nailing of the front lath |
Draw out the tack nails at the front lath, place the lath so that it is flush, upset the nails and nail! |
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8. Driving in of the nail heads |
Drive in the nail heads means by of a hammer and a nail punch. It is sunk abt. 3 mm deep. |
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9. Final check |
Visual check: check angularity, check whether the distances between the laths are all the same! The laths and crosspieces must not be splitted visibly, the nails must completely stick in the wood! |
Nailing of a Lath
Grid
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Instruction Example 01.2. Nailing of a Halved Frame Corner Joint
In this instruction example, nailing of a glued frame comer joint with clinched nails is practised.
Material
halved frame comer joint, glued,
thickness of the legs: 26
mm
width of the legs: 50 mm
countersunk-head nails 30 mm long, unhardened
Figure
Tools
hammer, pincers
Measuring and testing means
back square, folding rule, vernier caliper
Auxiliary means
unhardened steel plate, 200 x 200 mm, 10 mm thick, as base plate; firm, non-springy bench top at working height (joiner's bench); pencil
Required previous knowledge
reading of the drawing, measuring and scribing
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
|
1. Prepare the workplace, make tools and working materials available. |
Check the completeness of tools and materials! |
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2. Determine the nailing points and mark them with a pencil. |
Observe the required distance from the edge, adhere to the nail picture according to the work drawing! |
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3. Fasten the frame in preparation of nailing |
Place the steel plate (base plate) at the endscrew onto the joiner's bench, put on the frame comer and clamp it between the cramp irons, fasten the frame comer with a screw clamp to the bench plate! |
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4. Drive in the nails at the nailing points |
Observe the inclined position of the nails, the nail points must show in the direction of the grain of the lower surface. Drive in the nails with precise blows until the nail heads are flush with the wood surface. |
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5. Unclamp the frame comer |
Loosen the endscrew, undo the screw clamp. |
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6. Final check |
Check: |
Nailing of a Halved Frame Corner
Joint
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Instruction Example 01.3. Nailing of a Tool Kit
In this instruction example, the simple nailing techniques in long wood and nailing with overlong nails are practised.
Material
2 boards
thickness: 14 mm
width: 200 mm
length: 500
mm
2 boards
thickness: 14 mm
width: 200 mm
length: 250 mm
1
bottom board
thickness: 14 mm
width: 278 mm
length: 468 mm
4
laths
thickness: 16 mm
width: 40 mm
length: 210 mm
countersunk-head
nails 45 mm long.
The complete wood is planed out, surface-shaped and cut to size.
Figure
Tools
hammer, pincers
Measuring and testing means
back square, folding rule, vernier caliper
Auxiliary means
firm, non-springy bench top at working height (joiner's bench), steel bar 20 x 10 mm, 300 mm long, packing blocks of wood 25 mm thick, tacking nails 25 mm long, screw clamp 200 mm
Required previous knowledge
reading of the drawing, measuring and scribing
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
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1. Prepare the workplace, make the working materials available. |
Check the completeness of tools an materials! |
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2. Check the material for accuracy to size and angularity. |
All boards must be accurate to dimensions, cut at right angles and even! |
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3. Tacking of the boards with a length of 250 mm |
Place both boards with the right-hand board surface onto the
working plane. Put a lath flush onto the cross-cut surfaces and pin! |
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4. Determine the nailing points and mark them a pencil |
Nailing is done in the form of a triangle according to the work drawing! |
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5. Nailing of lath and board according to points 3. and 4. |
Put packing blocks of wood between the board and the supporting surface and drive the nails at the nailing points vertically through the lath and the board until the nail head is flush with the wood surface! |
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6. Remove the tacking nails | |
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7. Prepare the nails for clinching. |
Put the nail head surfaces firmly onto the bench top and fasten them with the screw clamp! |
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8. Clinch the nails in the direction of the grain of wood |
Press the steel bar firmly against the nail shank driven through, then clinch the projecting shank and the nail point at an angle of 90°. |
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9. Drive the nail ends into the wood |
Take the steel bar off and drive the nails back into the wood like staples until they are flush with the wood surface. |
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10. Mark the nailing points at the boards with the dimensions 200 mm and 500 mm |
The nails shall be driven into the narrow surface of the laths and not into the cross-cut wood! |
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11. Tack the boards of Nos. 5. and 10. so as to produce two nailed comers |
The board of operation No. 10. with the cross-cut edge being flush and at right angles is put onto the lath (5.) and tacked. |
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12. Nail and pull out the tacking nails |
Drive in the nails vertically and flush with the surface. |
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13. Put both nailed corners together, tack and nail them |
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14. Determine the nailing points at the bottom and mark them with a pencil | |
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15. Lay in the bottom board and nail |
Drive in the nails at an angle alternately towards the left-hand and the right-hand side. |
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16. Final check |
Check with your eyes whether: |
Nailing of a Tool
Kit
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Instruction Example 01.4. Nailing of a Wall Panel
In this instruction example, the covered nailing is practised (assembly work).
Material
boards
planed, chamfered, groove and tongue shaped, with the
following dimensions:
thickness: 18 mm
width without tongue: 80
mm
length: 2600 mm
(for two running metres wall panel: 25 off. The substructure 25 mm thick is evenly fastened to the wall to be panelled),
countersunk-head nails 40 mm long
Figure
Tools:
hammer, nail punch, pincers
Measuring and testing means
straightedge, level, plumb line, vernier caliper
Auxiliary means:
spacing strip 15 mm thick, abt. 500 mm long, pencil
Required previous knowledge
reading of the drawing, measuring and scribing, testing
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
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1. Prepare the workplace, sort the boards and make them available, check the evenness of the sub-structure according to height and width |
Check the completeness of the tools, auxiliary means and materials. |
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2. Determine the reference line for the first board on the left-hand side, the right-hand rear edge and mark it on the sub-structure with a pencil |
Check the left-hand side with the level for evenness, apply the first board, mark the right-hand edge, check the vertical position by means of the plumb line, if necessary, correct, then mark on the sub-structure! |
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3. Put the spacing strip onto the floor and place the first board on it (groove towards the left-hand side, tongue towards the right-hand side) |
The spacing strip ensures the ground clearance of the cross-cut surface of the boards. |
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4. Mark the nailing points on the first board at the left-hand edge with a pencil, nail and drive in the nails with the punch |
Fix the nailing points in accordance with the sub-structure. Drive in the nails straightly and sink them with the prick punch! |
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5. Nailing of the tongue |
Drive in the nails at an angle; as for the last centimeter: drive in the nails with the nail punch! |
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6. Placing and nailing of the next and all following boards |
Put the next board onto the spacing strip, joint it with the first one by slight blows with the hammer against the tongue (use a sectional shim block of wood). Nailing as under 5.! Proceed in the same way with all the other boards! |
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7. Final check |
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Nailing of a Wall
Panel
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Instruction Example 01.5. Screwing of a Carrying Handle on a Tool Kit
In this instruction example, the joining of two boards by means of wood screws is practised.
Material
- tool kit from instruction example No. 3
- finished carrying handle, board thickness: 20 mm
- 8 pcs. countersunk-head wood screw 3 x 30 mm
Figure
Tools
screw driver 6 mm, wood drill 2 mm and 3 mm, bit brace with rose bit
Measuring and testing means
back square, folding rule, vernier caliper
Auxiliary means
joiner's bench, screw clamp, pencil
Required previous knowledge
reading of the drawing, measuring and scribing, drilling
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
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1. Prepare the workplace, make the working materials available |
Check the completeness of tools and materials |
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2. Apply the handle holder according to the drawing and scribe it, determine the screwing points and mark them |
The handle holder is situated centrally to the box. The screwing points shall enclose a surface as large as possible, shall be staggered with the grain and have a distance to the edge of about 20 mm! |
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3. Bore the handle holder 12 mm deep with the drill 3 mm dia. and ream it, fasten it with the screw clamp to the box according to the scribed line and go on boring and the predrilled holes with the drill |
Fasten the screw clamp so that at least three holes can be drilled without hindrance. Observe the boring depth! |
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4. Screw in the countersunk-head screw with the screw driver |
The blade of the screw driver must completely fill the slot in the screws so that it is possible to drive in the screws without damaging the slot and the wood edge! |
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5. Screw on the second side of the handle holder (see operation 2. to 4.) | |
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6. Final check |
When visually checking, take heed of the following: |
Screwing of a Carrying Handle to a
Tool
Kit
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Instruction Example 01.6. Screwing on of a Screw-on Brace
In this instruction example, the fastening of a door hinge to a board leaf by means of countersunk-head wood screws and round-head bolts is practised.
Material
1 plank door leaf
2 screw-on braces with screw holes 6.4 mm
dia. and a punched hole for each screw hole of 8.4 mm dia.
6 off round-headed
wood screws dia. 6 x 50 mm
2 off round-head bolts with square neck M 8 x 60
mm with washers and nuts
Figure
Tools
screw driver 12 mm, wood drills 4; 6; 8 mm, screw wrench 13 mm
Auxiliary means
joiner's bench, support, pencil
Required previous knowledge
reading of the drawing, measuring and scribing, drilling
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Sequence of operations |
Comments |
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1. Prepare the workplace, make the working materials available |
Check the completeness of the required tools and materials, put the door leaf onto the joiner's bench and support! |
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2. Put on the braces to be screwed on, align and mark the screw bores with a pencil |
The screw-on braces are centrally aligned above the crosspieces which hold the board cover and are screwed on. The required projecting length of the idler is to be observed/Check the proper position of the screwed on braces with a large back square! |
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3. Remove the screw-on braces, bore the screw holes |
Drill through the 1st hole after the idler with a drill 8 mm, further holes are pre-drilled with a drill 6 mm, 20 mm deep, then bore 20 mm deeper with a drill 4 mm! |
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4. Put on the screw-on brace, insert the round-head bolts and fasten them with washers and nuts, drive in the wood screws with the screw driver |
Tighten the nuts with a screw wrench. The washer shall be pressed 1 mm into the wood. Firmly tighten the wood screws but do not overturn them! |
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5. Final check |
The long braces fir tightly to the wood, all screws are tightened, not overturned and not sheared off, bores for the wood screws are not visible on the inside of the door! |
Screwing on of a Screw-on
Brace