 |  | Mangium and other Fast-growing Acacias for the Humid Tropics (BOSTID, 1983, 56 p.) | ||
 |  | Recommendations and Research Needs | ||
|  | (introduction...) | ||
| | A Selected Readings | ||
| | B Research Contacts and Seed Sources | ||
| | C Biographical Sketches of Panel Members | ||
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Experience with cultivating mangium in plantations is limited to a few sites. Many more studies are needed before its true potential can be realized. Recommendations follow for research on mangium and the other promising Acacia species discussed in this report.
Adaptability Trials
As a result of its promising early results, mangium has been planted on an increasingly large commercial scale in Sabah. However, to assess its potential elsewhere, trials to compare its performance with that of other fast-growing tropical trees are now required. These trials will indicate mangium's relative advantages and limitations and will provide the technical foundation needed to make decisions on where and whether to establish plantations. Ideally, the trials in different countries should employ seed from the same provenances and should use a common methodology at each location so that generalizations to even more sites can be made.
Also, a number of trial sites should be selected to test the response of various mangium provenances to different soils, elevations, latitudes, temperatures, moisture, and pests.
Moreover, local organizations concerned with forestry, forage production, and erosion control should set up mangium demonstration plots of their own. These will enable researchers and officials in the area to familiarize themselves with the plant and, if warranted, to start or encourage plantation programs.
Seed Supply
This species holds such high potential that a large number of requests for seed is anticipated. To meet this demand, there is needed an organized international mangium seed distribution service. A system of seed certification would be helpful because each recipient should be given quality seed if the plant's potential is to be assessed rapidly.
Ensuring the quality of seed is not easy with this prolific-seeding, early-flowering, outbreeding species. It is important, therefore, to collect only from well-developed, late- flowering trees with desirable characteristics.
Silvicultural Research
Basic research should be undertaken on the biology of the species and on management techniques that address areas of uncertainty. For example:
· Nitrogen fixation and the organisms responsible (with emphasis on selecting rhizobia, determining the need for inoculation, and choosing the type of inoculum for different soils).
· Mycorrhizal associations-especially to determine whether adequate inoculation occurs naturally when mangium is planted in new areas.
· Site-tolerance factors, including pH range, resistance to fire and drought, altitude requirements, as well as response to macronutrients (phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and micronutrients (molybdenum, zinc, copper, boron).
· Susceptibility to diseases and pests (especially heart-rot, damping off, carpenter ants, and pinhole borers).
· Nursery techniques: tests to determine the optimum nursery period and seedling size for field planting, for instance.
· Plantation management: site preparation, spacing, rotation, thinning, pruning, coppicing, and silvicultural characteristics.
· Flowering and seed production, including the effect of daylength and genetic influences, self-incompatibility, and outcrossing or selfpollination.
· Mangium breeding, including genetic improvement and maintenance of a wide genetic base; inheritance of important characters, especially for commercial use (for example, bole straightness, fluting, branch size, and persistence in plantations); and selections of superior types for wide-scale use.
Wood Properties
Research is needed on mangium wood, including anatomy, machining characteristics, durability, interlocking grain, and drying. Research on products such as tannin, charcoal, and extractives also would be useful.
Other Australasian Acacias
In trials of mangium, other tropical acacias with similar properties and from similar habitats should be included, if possible, so that the true potential of this collection of little-studied species can be assessed. So little is known about them that on particular sites they may prove superior to mangium.
To support such trials, reliable sources of seeds are imperative. It is recommended that Australian and Papua New Guinean seed suppliers and foresters, both government and commercial, make special efforts to collect and distribute seed of quality specimens and promising provenances of Acacia auriculiformis, A. aulacocarpa, A. baker) A. cincinnata, A. crassicarpa, A. hylonoma, A. polystachya, and the two Pacific Island species A. solandri and A. spirorbis.
A special effort should be made to collect seed from native trees that have good stem form, as well as from any well-formed trees in existing plantations. It is important to improve Acacia auriculiformis, in particular, because it is increasingly used in the tropics.
Germ Plasm Collection
A comprehensive germ plasm collection of all these tropical acacias should be initiated and stored at a safe location with controlled-environment seed-storage facilities. The number of seed sources currently available must be expanded so that a more fully representative set of provenances is available for species testing in tree-improvement programs. A detailed collection in the natural stands of mangium and other tropical acacias in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is particularly needed.
Despite considerable land clearing where mangium occurs, it is not likely to become an endangered species in Queensland. However, several provenances are endangered, and to ensure supplies of quality seed the areas where they grow should be protected and preserved.
Acacia mangium
Andin, N. A. 1980. Acacia mangium: a resource to be developed. Canopy 6(10):1 and 11.
Ardikusuma, R. 1. 1954. Planting experiments with exotic tree species in the gardens of the Forest Research Institute. Rimba Indonesia 3:437-484 (in Indonesian with English summary).
Bowen, M. R. 1980. Acacia mangium: a note on seed collection, handling and storage techniques, Seed Series No. 3. FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009. Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Bowen, M. R., and T. V. Eusebio. 1982. Acacia mangium: updated information on seed collection and handling and germination testing. Seed Series No. 5. FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009. Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Darmono, R., Sindusuwarno, and Dayanto Indro Utomo. 1981. Introducing Acacia mangium. Duta Rimba 7(48):29-30.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 1982. Variation in Acacia mangium Willd. Based on the work of L. Pedley, Consultant's Report No. 8. FAO/UNDP-MAL 78/009. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Hall, N., J. W. Turnbull, J. C. Doran, and P. N. Martensz. 1980. Acacia mangium Willd. Australian Acacia Series Leaflet No. 9, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, Canberra, Australia. 2 pp.
Jones, N., and C. Tham. 1980. A report on the visit to some of the Acacia forests of Papua New Guinea and Queensland. Working Paper No. 2. FAO/UNDP-MAU/78/009, Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Logan, A. F., and V. Balodis. 1982. The pulping and papermaking characteristics of plantation-grown Acacia mangium from Sabah. Malaysian Forester 45(2):217-233.
National Research Council. 1979. Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA (Acacia mangium, p. 194; Acacia auriculiformis, p. 165).
Nicholson, D. I. 1981. The natural occurrence and conservation status of Acacia mangium Willd. in Australia. Technical Note No. 5. Department of Forestry, Queensland, Australia.
Pedley, L. ]964. Notes on Acacia, chiefly from Queensland. 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 74:53-60.
Pedley, L. 1964. Notes on Acacia, chiefly from Queensland. II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 75:29-35.
Pedley, L. 1975. Revision of the extra-Australian species of Acacia subg. Heterophyllum. Contributions from Queensland Herbarium 18: 14-15.
Pedley, L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya, 1 (2): 170-171.
Pollard, J. F. 1969. Ulu Kukut Plantation 1966-69, Laporan Penyelidik Hutan Negeri Sabah, 1969. pp. 114-118. Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Skelton, D. J. 1982. Provenance seed collection of Acacia mangium Willd. in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, October 1980. Working Paper No. 10. FAO/UNDP- MAL/78/009. Forest Research Center, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Tan, Y. K. 1979. The properties of Acacia mangium from Sabah Research Plantation. Timber Research and Technical Training Centre, Forest Department, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Tham, C. K. 1976. Introduction to a plantation species-Acacia mangium Willd. Sixth Malaysian Forestry Conference. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Tham, C. K. 1979. Trials of Acacia mangium Willd. as a plantation species in Sabah. Forest Genetic Resources Information No. 9, Forestry Occasional Paper, 1979/1. FAO. Rome, Italy, pp. 32-35.
Tham, C. K. 1980. Acacia mangium Willd., a plantation species for Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. grassland in Sabah. FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009. Forest Research Centre, Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. Also presented to lUFRO Conference, Aguas de Sao Pedao, S.P., Brazil, August 1980.
Tham, C. K., and Liew, T. C. 1977. Prospects of forest plantation in the tropics with particular reference to Sabah. Pulp and Paper Seminar. Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Acacia aulacocarpa
David, C. A. 1980. Albizia and Acacia species trials in white sands: three years after outplanting. Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana.
Hall, N., J. W. Turnbull, and P. N. Martensz. 1980. Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. Australian Acacia Series Leaflet No. 10, Division of Forest Research, Canberra, Australia, CSIRO, 2 pp.
Mitchell, B. A. 1964. Ornamental, roadside and shade trees. Malayan Forester 27:96-145.
Pedley, L. 1975. Revision of the extra-Australian species of Acacia subg. Heterophyllum. pp. 14-15. Contributions from Queensland Herbarium No. 18, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.
Pedley, L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya, 1(2):148.
Watson, C. J. J. 1963. Valuable Queensland Timbers. Queensland Forest Service Pamphlet No. 4. Government Printer, Brisbane, Australia.
Watson, C. J. J. 1964. Queensland building timbers and specifications for their use. Queensland Forest Service Pamphlet No. 5. Government Printer, Brisbane, Australia.
Acacia auriculiformis
Banerjee, A. K. 1973. Plantations of Acacia auriculaeformis (Berth.) A. Cunn. in West BengaL Indian Forester 99:533-540.
Fenton, R., R. E. Roper, and G. R. Watt. 1977. Lowland tropical hardwoods-an annotated bibliography. External Aid Department, Wellington, New Zealand.
Hall, N., J. W. Turnbull, and P. N. Martensz. 1980. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Australian Acacia Series Leaflet No. 8. Division of Forest Research, Canberra: CSIRO, 2 pp.
Lamb, D. 1975. Kunjingini Plantations 1965-1975. Tropical Forestry Research Note Sr. 24. Department of Forests, P.O. Box 5055, Boroko, Papua New Guinea. 17 pp.
Logan, A. F., and V. Balodis. 1982. Pulping and papermaking characteristics of plantation-grown Acacia mangium from Sabah. The Malaysian Forester45(2):211-236.
Logan, A. F., and F. H. Phillips. 1977. Hardwood Species for Reforestation in Tropical Areas. Paper presented at the 18th Forests Products Research Conference, May 1977, Melbourne, Australia.
Nicholson, D. 1. 1965. A note on Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Sabah. Malayan Forester 28(3):243-244.
Phillips, F. H., and A. F. Logan. 1976. Papua New Guinea hardwoods: future source of papermaking. Appita 30(1):29-40.
Phillips, F. H., A. F. Logan, and V. Balodis. 1979. Suitability of tropical forests for pulpwood: mixed hardwoods, residues and reforestation species. Tappi 62(3):77-81.
Ratnasabapathy, M. 1974. Acacia auriculaeformis and Casuarina equisetifolia-the urban invaders. Malayan Nature Journal 28:18-21.
Sastroamidjojo, J. S. 1964. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Rimba Indonesia 9(3):214-225.
Verdcourt, B. 1979. Manual of New Guinea Legumes. Division of Botany, Office of Forests,
Lae, Papua New Guinea.
Wiersum, K. F., and A. Ramlan. 1982. Cultivation of Acacia auriculiformis on Java,
Indonesia. Commonwealth Forestry Review 61(2):135-144.
Zhen Hai-Shui and Huang Rung-Cong. 1982. The Best Fast Growing Species of Forest
Energy Resource. Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. Paper presented at the Biomass Conversion
Technologies Symposium, Chengdu, People's Republic of China, November 26-30, 1982
Acacia cincinnata
Bowen, M. R., and T. V. Eusebio. 1982. Possible Acacia species for use in Sabah plantations (excluding A. mangium). Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia, FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009, Working Paper No. 6.
Pedley, L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya 1(2): 169.
Acacia crassicarpa
Bowen, M. R., and T. V. Eusebio. 1982. Possible Acacia species for use in Sabah plantations (excluding A. mangium). Forest Research Centre, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia, FAO/UNDP-MAL/78/009, Working Paper No. 6.
Pedley, L. 1978. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya, 1(2):147-148.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1981 and 1982 sponsored provenance collections of Acacia mangium by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization (CSIRO), Australia; the Office of Forests, Papua New Guinea; and the Directorate General of Forestry, Indonesia. Collections will lead to international provenance trials of this species. Seed will be available from: Seed Centre, CSIRO Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, Australia.
Other mangium research contacts are listed below, followed by contacts for other species.
Acacia mangium
Australia
John Davidson, Chief Consultant, Eucalyptus and Forestry Services, P.O. Box 419, Armidale, N.S.W. 2350
Division of Chemical Technology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 310, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205 (A.F. Logan and V. Balodis, pulping and papermaking characteristics)
John Doran, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
Ian Drew, Technical Officer, Department of Forestry, Brisbane, Queensland 4001
Vince Moriarty, Australian Tropical Plant Supplies, Julatten, Queensland 4880
D. I. Nicholson, Forest Research Officer, Department of Forestry, P.O. Box 210, Atherton, Queensland 4883
Les Pedley, Assistant Director, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068
Wally Smith, Timber Utilization Branch, Division of Technical Service, 366 Upper Roma Street, Brisbane
Geoff Stocker, Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, Atherton, Queensland
John W. Turnbull, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
Bangladesh
M. Omar Ali, Director, Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 273, Chittagong
Cameroon
Per Enander, Forestry Division, B. P. 22 (Cellucam), Edea
India
S. Palit, Silviculturist North, Laden La Road, Post and District Darjeeling, West Bengal
Italy
Chief, Forest Management Division, FAO, via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome
C. Palmberg, Forest Resources Division, FAO, via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome
Malaysia
L. T. Hong, Forest Research Institute, Kepong
Pacific Hardwood Sdn. Bdh., W.D.T. 57, Lahad Datu, Sabah
Sabah Forestry Development Authority (SAFODA), Locked Mailbag 122, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (General Manager)
Sabah Softwoods Sdn. Bhd., P.O. Box 137, Tawau, Sabah (M.W. McMyn, Project Manager)
Pusat Penyelidikan Hutan, P.O. Box 1407, Sandakan, Sabah (Senior Research Officer, Tham Chee Keong, and M. Roderick Bowen, FAO Seed Officer)
Nepal
Forest Institute, Hetauda.
Papua New Guinea
Director, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 5055, Boroko, Port Moresby
Dave J. Skelton, Forest Officer, Forest Management Research Branch, P.O. Box 2116, Yomba, Madang
Philippines
Forest Research Institute, College, Laguna 3720 (Filiberto S. Pollisco, Director)
Manila Seedling Bank Foundation, Inc., Quezon Boulevard Extension, corner EDSA, Quezon City (C.C. Abergas, L. Palacpac, G. Voliente)
Paper Industries Corporation of the Philippines (PICOP), Mangagoy, Surigao del Sur, Mindanao
United Kingdom l.A.S. Gibson, Moor Cottage, Lower Street, Ninfield, East Sussex TN33 9EA, England
United States
Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (James L. Brewbaker and R. Van den Belt)
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St., Room 323, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 (Charles S. Hodges, Roger Skolmen, and Craig D. Whitesell)
Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, P.O. Box 680, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795
Acacia aulacocarpa
Australia
John Davidson, Chief Consultant, Eucalyptus and Forestry Services, P.O. Box 419, Armidale, N.S.W. 2350
B.A. Mitchell, South Australian Regional Station, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 946, Mt. Gambier, South Australia 5290
D.l. Nicholson, Forest Research Officer, Department of Forestry, P.O. Box 210, Atherton, Queensland 4883
Les Pedley, Assistant Director, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068
Ian Drew, Technical Officer, Department of Forestry, Brisbane, Queensland 4883
J.W. Turnbull, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. BOX 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
Guyana
Chief Silviculturist, Forest Department, Kingston, Georgetown
Malaysia
Forestry Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor
Acacia auriculiformis
Australia
John Davidson, Chief Consultant' Eucalyptus and Forestry Services, P.O. Box 419, Armidale, N.S.W. 2350
Division of Chemical Technology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 310, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205 (A.F. Logan and F.H. Phillips)
Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, Northern Territory Regional Station, Private Bag 44, Winnellie, N.T. 5789 (L. Brigden)
J.C. Doran, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
C.R. Dunlop, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Department of Northern Territory, P.O. Box 5150, Darwin, N.T. 5794
J.W. Turnbull, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
Guyana
Assistant Conservator of Forests (Silviculture and Research), Forest Department, Kings ton, Georgetown
India
A.K. Banerjee, Development Manager, The Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd., Raw Material and Coal Section' Chartered Bank Buildings, Calcutta 700001
Indonesia
Forest Research Institute, Jalan Gunung Batu, P.O. Box 66, Bogor 1. Soerianegara, BlOTROP-SEAMEO, Kebun Raya, Bogor
Malaysia
Department of Botany, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (M. Ratnasabapathy and B.C. Stone)
Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor (F.S.P. Ng and T.B. Peh)
Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Hutan (Forest Department Headquarters), Kuching, Sarawak (Hue Seng Lee and C. Phang)
Senior Research Officer, Forest Research Centre, P.O. Box 1407, Sandakan, Sabah
People's Republic of China
Institute of Tropical Forestry, Guangchow Lungdong, Guangdong Province (Huang Rung Cong and Zhen Hai-Shui)
The Netherlands
K. F. Wiersum, Department of Forest Management, "Hinkeloord," Gen. Foulkesweg 64, 6700 AH, Wageningen
Nigeria
M.B. Shado, Savanna Forestry Research Station, Forestry Research Institute, P.M.B 1039, Samaru, Zaria
Papua New Guinea
Forest Products Research Centre, P.O. Box 1358, Boroko, Port Moresby
Office of Forests, P.O. Box 5055, Boroko, Port Moresby
Solomon Islands
B.R. Thomson, Forest Research Officer, Forestry Division, Munda, New Georgia
Other Tropical Acacias
Australia
John Davidson, Chief Consultant, Eucalyptus and Forestry Services, P.O. Box 419, Armidale, N.S.W. 2350
D.l. Nicholson, Forest Research Officer, Department of Forestry, P.O. Box 210, Atherton, Queensland 4883
L. Pedley, Assistant Director, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068
G. Stocker, Division of Forest Research, CSIRO, P.O. Box 273, Atherton, Queensland 4883
J.W. Turnbull, CSIRO, Division of Forest Research, P.O. Box 4008, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600
Papua New Guinea
D. Skelton, Forest Officer, Forest Management Research Branch, Madang
Vanuatu
Chief Forest Officer, Department of Agriculture, Vila
FRANCOlS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Professor of Forest Genetics, Yale University, was Dean of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale during 1965-1975. He received his B.A. from Luxembourg College and B.Sc.F. from the University of New Brunswick in 1950 and his M.F. in ecology in 1951 and Ph.D. (forest genetics) in 1954 from Yale. He is especially knowledgeable about francophone Africa and was chairman of the Sahel program of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development and a member of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation. He was research collaborator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1960-1965. He was the recipient of the Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biological Research by the Society of American Foresters in 1966 and was Distinguished Professor (Fulbright-EIays Program) in Yugoslavia, 1975. Before joining the Yale faculty, Dr. Mergen served as project leader in forest genetics for the U.S. Forest Service in Florida. He has served as a consultant to FAO, foreign governments, and private forestry companies and has traveled extensively in the tropical countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
CHARLES HODGES is Chief Plant Pathologist and Director of the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. He received his B.S. (1952) in forestry and M.S. (1954) in forest pathology from the University of Idaho and Ph.D. (1958) in mycology from the University of Georgia. His entire career has been spent with the U.S. Forest Service where he has worked in forest management of national forests and conducted research in the areas of pine management, nursery management, mycology, and pathology. During 1973-1975 he was on special assignament to FAG in Brazil to determine the major forest tree diseases in that country and to help establish a forest pathology research program within the Brazilian Forest Service. He has worked as a consultant in forest pathology to several South American countries and has traveled widely in the American, Pacific Island, and Southeast Asian tropics. He has collaborated in several projects in Eastern Europe and is active in international forestry and plant pathology organizations.
D. I. NICHOLSON is Forest Research Officer with the Department of Forestry, Atherton, Queensland. He received his education at Sydney University and the Australian Forestry School, Canberra, from which he was graduated in 1949. He worked with the Australian Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra, until 1954 on general silvicultural research and tree breeding. He then joined the Overseas Civil Service and spent 1 year in East Africa before joining the Forest Department in Sabah, where he worked on silvicultural and ecological research, chiefly in relation to regeneration of tropical highland forests after logging. He joined the Queensland Department of Forestry in 1965 and has worked on rainforest silviculture and management as well as with plantation species and tree breeding. He spent two periods with FAO (1968-1969 and 1978) on management of Southeast Asian dipterocarp forests.
HUGH L. POPENOE is Professor of Soils, Agronomy, Botany, and Geography and Director of the Center for Tropical Agriculture and International Programs (Agriculture) at the University of Florida. He received his B.S. from the University of California, Davis, in 1951, and his Ph.D. in soils from the University of Florida in 1960. His principal research interest has been in the area of tropical agriculture and land use. His early work in shifting cultivation is one of the few contributions to knowledge of this system. He has traveled and worked in most of the countries in the tropical areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. He is past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Escuela Agricola Panamericana in Honduras, Visiting Lecturer on Tropical Public Health at the Harvard School of Public Health, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Agronomy, the American Geographical Society, and the International Soils Science Society. He is Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and a member of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development.
K. FREERK WlERSUM is staff member of the Forestry Institute "Hinkeloord," Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, where he worked first at the Department of Silviculture and is now at the Department of Forest Management. He completed his ingenieurs degree (M.Sc. equivalent) in tropical forest ecology and silviculture at Wageningen University in 1973 after having done field work in Surinam, Costa Rica, and Spain. After graduation he worked for 6 years in Indonesia, first in a UNDP/FAO watershed management project in Central Java, and then joined the Hinkeloord Forestry Institute where he was seconded to the Institute of Ecology, Padjadjaran University, at Bandung. He was also a guest lecturer at the forestry faculty of the Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta. During this period he worked on aspects of watershed management, agroforestry, and forest ecology. In Wageningen he continued studying aspects of agroforestry, fuelwood problems, and strategies for afforestation.
NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries.
Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation
HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman,
Members
WILLIAM BRADLEY, Consultant, New Hope, Pennsylvania
HAROLD DREGNE, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas (member through 1981)
ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
CARL N. HODGES, Director, Environmental Research Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona
CYRUS MCKELL, Native Plants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah
FRANCOIS MERGEN, Pinchot Professor of Forestry, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (member through 1982)
DONALD L. PLUCKNETT, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, D.C.
THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.
Board on Science and Technology for International Development
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York,
Chairman
Members
SAMUEL P. ASPER, Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DAVID BELL, Department of Population Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
LEONARD BERRY, Professor, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
ERNEST J. BRISKEY, Dean, School of Agriculture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
HARRISON S. BROWN, Director, Resources Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
ROBERT H. BURRIS, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
CLAUDIA JEAN CARR, Associate Professor, Conservation and Resource Studies, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
NATE FIELDS, Director, Developing Markets, Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
ROLAND J. FUCHS, Chairman, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
ELMER L. GADEN, JR., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
JOHN HOWARD GIBBONS, Director, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C.
N. BRUCE HANNAY, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM HUGHES, Director, Engineering Energy Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
WILLIAM A. W. KREBS, Vice President, Arthur D. Little, Inc., Acorn Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts
GEORGE I. LYTHCOTT, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
JANICE E. PERLMAN, Executive Director, Committee for a New New York, New York City Partnership, New York, New York
HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
FREDERICK C. ROBBINS, President, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
WALTER A. ROSENBLlTH, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
FREDERICK SEITZ, President Emeritus, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
RALPH HERBERT SMUCKLER, Dean of International Studies and Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
GILBERT F. WHITE, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of. Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
BILL C. WRIGHT, Assistant Dean for International Programs, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
JOHN C. HURLEY, Director
MICHAEL G. C. McDONALD DOW, Associate Director/Studies
MICHAEL P. GREENE, Associate Director/Research Grants
The National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress a a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology, required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970.
The National Research Council
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Science in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Office of International Affairs
The Office of International Affairs is responsible for many of the international activities of the Academy and the Research Council. Its primary objectives are to enhance U.S. scientific cooperation with other countries; to mobilize the U.S. scientific community for technical assistance to developing nations; and to coordinate international projects throughout the institution.
The Board on Science and Technology for International Development
The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Office of International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social and economic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of unconventional technical processes and biological resources of potential importance to developing countries.
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