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Harold Aspden
Department of Electrical
Engineering
University of Southampton
SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH
United
Kingdom
The thought of extracting energy from a hidden but active field environment more plentiful than air or water is rejected outright by orthodox scientists. Yet there are sound scientific reasons for expecting that we should be able to extract "free energy" from that hidden field.
The Zero-point energy field
In 1987, a Senior Research Fellow at the institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, Texas circulated a paper that had just appeared in the Physical Review (1). It was entitled, "Ground state of hydrogen as a zero-point state". It spoke of the energy of these fluctuations, but nothing in the paper would excite the interest of a "free energy" enthusiast; the paper had to be acceptable to a scientific community hostile to such ideas, otherwise it may never have been published.
What is more revealing are the words in the special summary of the paper that its author, Dr. Harold E. Puthoff, also distributed. Quoting from the summary:
"One of the more bizarre predictions of modern quantum theory is that each cubic centimeter of space, including that of the most pristine vacuum of outer space, contains an enormous amount of untapped electromagnetic energy known as zero-point energy (it is the zero-point from which all other energies are measured). The amount of energy associated with this (usually unobserved) background is conservatively estimated to be of the order of nuclear energy densities or greater."
Dr. Puthoff goes on to explain how theorists have tended to question the enormity of the energy density involved but how, over the years, the discovery of the Casimir force and other effects have given the quantitative verification. The Casimir force is a force found to exist between closely-spaced metal plates. The force results from unbalanced pressures in the zero-point field due to the presence of the plates. Dr. Puthoff's own paper announced another indication of the physical reality of this "ubiquitous" energy field, by showing how it accounted for the stability of matter at the atomic level. In his summary, he commented on this with the concluding words:
"The significance of this observation is the understanding that the very stability of matter itself depends upon, and verifies the presence of, an underlying sea of electromagnetic energy of almost inconceivable magnitude, a vast reservoir of random energy that is universally present throughout space."
Now, Dr. Puthoff is not alone in researching this subject. There are many university scientists throughout the world who are working on the underlying stochastic electrodynamics. Sadly, however, many of these researchers are led to conclusions which are not to the liking of others in the scientific community, particularly those who treasure the sterile mathematical abstractions of Einstein's model of space.
One particular conclusion, which has been the basis of my own interest for more than 30 years, is the realization that when an electron responds to an electric field it moves exactly in such a way that it conserves the energy involved in this process. The isolated electron or any such fundamental charge does not, in my opinion, radiate energy. This is consistent with quantum theory and the result deduced by Dr. Puthoff from the atomic electron interactions with the zero-point energy background, but I see this in a different context. It is the fundamental basis of the inertial property of that electron. Its mass is nothing other than a measure of its response when affected by an energy field. By conserving energy, that electron moves as if it has just the mass or inertia that assures field fluctuations consistent with overall energy conservation.
Obviously, this argument leads to a formula relating both the mass and the energy of that electron with the propagation speed of the fluctuation involved. It leads to:
E = mc²
but without requiring Einstein's theory. Though I discovered this over 30 years ago, it was not until 1976 that I found a scientific journal willing to publish such a claim (2). It was heresy to suggest that the famous Einstein formula might have a simple physical basis unconnected with the doctrines preached by Einstein. Such is the faith in Einstein's theory, that the vast majority of journal referees will only allow publications to trespass into relativistic territory when the scientific ideas advanced glorify Einstein's methods. There must be so many scientists who have had their ideas totally surpressed by the unfair attitudes of those who seek to preserve a status quo. Yet any aspect of the scientific status quo is only worth preserving if it can survive criticism. Sadly, that criticism is suppressed and the message to the public is therefore clear: Einstein's theory has weaknesses which those who speak for it cannot see, but yet they sense this, and their inbred instincts cause them to fear the consequences of embroilment to the point where they are ready to fight off any intruder.
I conclude this introductory comment by stressing that the vacuum is full of energy ready to be tapped, if only we can find the right techniques, and I express the view that those who control research funding are ensnared by the adverse doctrines of Einstein's theory. How can one think otherwise when, in 1988, a leading scientist, now retired from a lifelong service at the UK National Physical Laboratory, in which he measured those quantities that are so germane to Einstein's theory, time and the speed of light, published an article in which he called Einstein's theory a "swindle".(3) In an earlier article, again not written until after he was retired, the same author, Dr. Louis Essen, the pioneer of the Caesium atomic clock, had declared that the hope for the future lay in supporting those who reject Einstein's theory and search for that hidden energy that pervades the vacuum state (4).
Is there an ether?
The orthodox scientist will tell you that there is no ether because of an experiment performed by Michelson and Morley in 1887. A more informed scientist might add that a further experiment performed by Trouton and Noble in 1903 (5) is equally relevant in proving that there is no ether. To these scientists one can now say: "Get with it, there is something wrong with the theory of both of these experiments and a new experiment has now taken over".
An experiment has been performed in the State of Washington by E. W. Silvertooth, another retiree, but in this case from a senior position in which he exercised his expert knowledge of optical systems. The experiment was first reported in 1986 in the journal, Nature (6) and then more fully elsewhere (7) in 1987. Silvertooth avoids the retro-reflections of the Michelson-Morley experiment and uses a transparent photo-detector in linear translational motion relative to the optical source to scan along a beam set up by interfering rays coming through one another from opposite directions. He finds that the single laser apparatus he now uses can sense, in an enclosed laboratory, our motion through space in the direction of Constellation Leo at nearly 400 km/s. This is what both Michelson and Morley, and Trouton and Noble were trying to do in their experiments.
The Michelson-Morley experiment did not work because the retro-reflection set up standing waves that were locked onto the mirror surfaces and so their energy was dragged along by the apparatus. That energy affected the speed of light in those standing wave components along the beam. Michelson and Morley did not know about those standing wave properties, because standing waves as such were only discovered by Wiener. The Trouton-Noble experiment did not work because it assumed the Lorentz force law applies to non-circuital charge motion, whereas it is empirically based on effects that demand such a circuital charge motion. The experiment does not involve circuital charge motion.
These are, however, specialist points that are best discussed elsewhere. From our point of view here it suffices to declare that Silvertooth has detected our motion through the ether and so we can now begin to think of the properties of a real ether in which those zero-point energy fluctuations are seated.
1987 was the centennial year of the Michelson-Morley experiment. It gave me the occasion of mentioning the Silvertooth experiment in a letter published in Physics Today (8). It is claimed that Silvertooth's experiment has been repeated by Marinov (9) and that the positive result is confirmed. Also, a further repeat of the experiment is being considered at this time on the initiative of Professor R. Monti in Bologna, Italy.
It should not therefore be too long before we see the consequences of the detection of the ether rumbling through the orthodoxy of modern science. Undoubtedly there will be efforts to patch up the relativistic doctrine in some way, but by then the new research opportunities will have outpaced mere theory and we will, I trust, have broken through into the new world that recognizes the hidden energy field.
The Gyromagnetic anomalies
Magnetism is a phenomenon that features prominently in devices aimed at extracting free energy from the vacuum medium. It has long been realized that there are certain anomalies in magnetism evident in gyromagnetic reactions.
The orthodox scientist will tell you that an electron is a point charge that spins to set up a quantum of spin magnetic moment. How a point can spin is something that stretches the imagination. It takes one into that fuzzy and abstract world that exists only in the mind of the mathematician. How a point charge can spin and yet set up a related magnetic effect that somehow depends upon motion relative to the observer is even more taxing on the imagination. For these reasons I say to the orthodox scientist: "Think again and figure out something better".
The whole problem centres on the factor of two. When the magnetism in a steel rod is suddenly reversed the rod has a tendency to rotate about its axis. If mounted so as to rotate freely, the reversal of magnetism produces a measured angular motion. This corresponds to exactly half that expected if we suppose that magnetism comes from the orbital motion of electrons. The factor of half or two, if the formulae are inverted, is anomalous and has led to a fanciful relativistic based mathematical interpretation for which the Nobel prizewinner Paul Dirac is famous.
Let us think again on this matter. When we consider how energy travels between two interacting electric charges that are subject to an instantaneously-acting electric field, we realize that energy has to travel a certain distance commensurate with the distance between the charges in order to feed the kinetic energy of those charges. This takes a little time and it is convenient to imagine that the energy does travel at the speed of light. In this way, it can be shown that the energy in transit accounts for the magnetic interaction of two moving charges.
The key to understanding this process is to regard that zero-energy in the ether as a source of energy locally. Thus, when the instantaneous action between the two charges says that they have altered their relative positions, owing to their motion, their kinetic energies adjust by energy exchange involving the local zero-point energy background. Such energy is "radiation" energy and it communicates momentum and so force in relation to the energy involved as divided by the speed of light. The total energy in transit is measured by the transit time and the rate at which time is the separation distance divided by the speed of light. Accordingly, the overall force effect that accounts for the electrodynamic action is related to the electrostatic Coulomb force as divided by the speed of light squared and proportional to the square of the separation speed.
The point of this argument is to show how vital that background energy in the ether is to the physical justification for the electrodynamic action. Now this ignores any reaction in the ether apart from its role in providing an energetic environment and in determining the speed of light, but we see ether as containing electric charge itself in some kind of neutral composition. Therefore, this electrodynamic action between charges can never occur in isolation without inducing secondary reaction either in the ether or in any enveloping substance, such as by free electrons in the steel rod just mentioned. Detailed analysis then shows that the optimum reaction will halve any magnetic effect produced by the primary action. This brings us to a position where the ether has to be seen as having special properties which enhance the primary field effects just enough to keep the energy balance. The magnetic energy is stored in the reacting system and resultant fields conform with the unity state that we associate with a true vacuum.
In spite of this neutralizing action, we are still left with an observable gyromagnetic effect that has double the magnetic strength for the same mechanical action. This is exactly what is found if we assume that magnetism in a steel rod is due to orbital electron motion.
In summary we can say that Dirac's spin interpretation cannot be used to reject ideas about the orbital nature of ferromagnetism and that there is an essential reaction density trapped in any magnetic field. The question then is whether this energy can be extracted.
Well, of course, it can. Imagine that we supply current to magnetize a solenoid. The energy fed into the inductive field is stored somewhere and we do not go into that in detail in our textbooks. However, it really is stored in that reacting charge motion that sets up the half-canceling back-field. Thus when the solenoid is switched off it is this reacting charge that feeds energy back to the solenoid circuit. Now ask what happens if that reaction is in a substance and involves electrons in free motion. The energy of that motion is part of their thermal energy. So if we switch off the solenoid containing a core of such material we will actually extract heat energy from that material.
So this tells us that if we energize a solenoid having a copper core, say, the energy supplied to the coil will all be used to generate heat. Suppose then that we extract that heat and use it efficiently for some useful purpose. Suppose further that the solenoid itself is superconducting, meaning that there is no continuous energy loss owing to ohmic resistance. Let the core cool to its initial ambient temperature as this heat is extracted. Then let us switch off that D.C. current, de-energizing the solenoid slowly so as to minimize eddy-current losses. This will return all the inductive energy by extracting it from the thermal activity of the electrons in that copper core.
The energy supplied in the first place was not wasted. It was all available as heat output. Yet much of that energy is returned as electricity when the solenoid is switched off and this energy comes from a cooling of that copper core. We have "free energy" in the sense that ambient heat energy has been tapped to produce a useful energy output.
The orthodox scientist and also the orthodox engineer will suggest that this is not really practical but that is not our immediate concern since we seek here to make a point of principle. "Free energy" can be accessed by tapping the thermal background. Now let us go just a little further with this argument and say that the magnetic field produced by the solenoid is so powerful that when the energy is extracted from the reacting electrons in the copper core the energy drawn out exceeds all the thermal energy of that core. What would happen? Would the core cool to absolute zero, that is minus 273 degrees Centigrade? Perhaps, but in addition could we not expect to find that this process might well draw on that zero-point energy in the background vacuum field?
I can only theorize about the answers to these questions but I submit that one day, if we do get strong room temperature superconductors that can withstand very high magnetic fields, we will get to those answers in a way that could lead to practical devices. In the meantime, let us here remember that orthodox scientists do use the technique of adiabatic demagnetization to achieve supercooling to very low temperatures. What is proposed should not, therefore, be seen as pseudo-science. Furthermore, it is known from experiment that the application of short duration intense magnetic fields (several hundred kilogauss) to copper cores can reveal that they have momentarily experienced a near-molten state from which they were spontaneously cooled when the magnetization pulse terminated. The technological challenge is to get that heat energy out whilst the pulse is on and before the cooling phase begins as the pulse subsides.
I could give many references that bear on what has just been said, but will just mention one, namely my own discussion of this subject in a book dated 1969 (10). The book aroused no particular interest, possibly because its title was "Physics without Einstein", but in a world intent on discovering new sources of energy it is surprising that what I said on this subject has not been investigated or, at least, contradicted by now. I mention also that my Ph.D., which was based on experimental research at Cambridge in England, was for work on the anomalous magnetic reaction effects induced in ferromagnetic substances. That research did not extend to the ideas just presented, but it gave me a relevant scientific background and so a basic confidence in what I was later to propose.
Conductivity anomalies
The scientific world has been shaken by the recent discovery of "warm" superconductivity. Superconductivity at temperatures in excess of liquid nitrogen temperature is a phenomenon that defies the orthodox scientific expectation. The questions we should be asking are whether we are looking at zero electrical conductivity or negative electrical conductivity. The latter would imply a source of "free energy", whereas the former merely is a state of no ohmic loss.
It is conceivable to have particles such as electrons or even protons traveling through conductors and not causing thermal oscillations that imply heat loss. Therefore, logically we must be looking at a system in which there is a transfer of the heat energy associated with the random motion of the atoms that make up the conductor to an ordered motion of the charges carrying the current. Superconductivity sets in when the break-even point is reached and more energy is fed from the thermal condition to the current condition than is dissipated as ohmic loss and so fed back into heat.
This is how I, as a non-expert on matters relating to superconductivity, must view the whole process. It follows that the question of interest to me is what happens if those "warm" superconductors are operated at much lower temperatures than that of the threshold level. My hope is that the circuit might develop an EMF of its own and so supply "free energy" by feeding a current which can be used in an ohmic load, energy which is sourced in the heat of that superconductive element. This imaginary device would need to be cooled down to prime it for operation and would need to have a current fed through it also to prime it for operation, but, once primed, it could continue to feed current to a load and at the same time cool itself to remain superconductive. Indeed, to keep it operative and feeding current one would need to allow some ambient heat energy to reach the superconductive element, but only at such a rate that is needed to sustain the electrical output.
The orthodox scientist would say that this is a pipe dream Certainly it cannot work according to the second law of thermodynamics, though it does satisfy the first law. Be this as it may, in advising on entrepreneurial activity into new and safe sources of energy, I would not recommend turning away anyone who claimed that he or she could demonstrate a source of electrical energy from a primed conductor system fed only on ambient heat.
One may also wonder whether what scientists regard as superconductivity is really an essential preliminary to this prospect of "free energy" from a conductor device. We know of thermoelectric phenomena in conductors comprising junctions between dissimilar metals. In a sense these different junctions exhibit positive and negative resistance. A positive resistance produces heat in absorbing electrical power and a negative resistance cools down in supplying such electrical power. By appropriate selection of metals and operating temperatures of the junctions, one can wonder whether we may be able to fabricate a circuit in which the negative resistance junctions are more effective than the positive resistance junctions.
The result could be a solid-state device which can feed a steady supply of electricity by drawing on heat at the ambient air temperature.
Another version of the same pipe dream? There are certain scientific factors that need looking into from an experimental point of view, but there is nevertheless a sufficient scientific basis in such a "free energy" proposition to warrant the investment involved. It is probable that the Second Law of Thermodynamics will not yield ground on the "free energy" issue, but we must at least try to penetrate that barrier. At the very least I expect that we will eventually discover thermoelectric techniques by which to derive electrical power efficiently from low temperature differential and so gain our energy at the expense of the atmospheric conditions.
Other developments
Space does not permit discussion of the possibility of deriving "free energy" from special kinds of electric motor. Nor does it allow discussion as part of this paper of the current interest in gyroscopic propulsion, which brings with it the prospect of levitation and so energy saving in a new means of transportation.
It is however, appropriate to mention that there is a scientific basis for suspecting that energy can be transferred to and from that zero-point energy in the vacuum field by techniques involving electric motor generators. In evaluating any claims of "free energy" machines of this kind, one should be prepared to give more credibility to the inventor who says his machine has also the surprising property of being able to lose energy. By "free energy" we think of a machine that is more than 100 per cent efficient, but we should also have in mind the machine that is less than 0% efficient. A plausible machine would be one that is reversible to work in either way, that is control the energy transfer from and to that zero-point background.
The secret of such a device will surely be based upon the role of that zero-point vacuum state in determining the Planck quantum of action. This is what governs the quanta of energy radiation across empty space, the so-called photons. It is also what sets the magnetic polarization on a per atom basis of the ferromagnetic substances used in our electrical machines. However, what "free energy" inventors must realize is that the ferromagnet is intrinsically always magnetically saturated. All we do in magnetizing it is to re-orientate the microscopic domains within the substance. This hardly affects the magnetic energy density in these domains, at least for the level of polarizing fields used in most practical machines. Consequently, there seems no basis for extracting energy from that zero-point field.
This having been said, imagine that we do force a much higher level of magnetization so that those quantized orbital electrons do draw on the zero-point energy to help to power the forces acting between the poles of an air gap. Having done this, imagine what happens if we tap that energy in the air gap, using it to drive a motor, whilst the magnetizing current is switched on. Surely those orbital electrons in the ferromagnet will make their own contribution to the energy in the air gap, just as the supplied magnetizing current will feed in some energy. Then, with the poles having moved close together, let us switch off the current. I suspect that energy used as output will then have transferred from those two sources, the magnetizing circuit and the zero-point vacuum field, but only the part needed to sustain the inductive reaction effects in the magnetic core will be recovered.
In summary, I subscribe to the view that there could be ways of designing electrical machines which can transfer energy either way between the zero-point vacuum field and our material environment. "Free energy" in this sense is a distinct possibility and thinkers in this field should not be deterred by the opinions of orthodox scientists who have heard of Einstein but have not heard of that vast reservoir of zero-point energy.
References
1. Puthoff, H. E., Physical Review D., 35, 3266 (1987).
2.
Aspden, H., Int. Jour. Theor. Phys., 15, 631 (1976).
3. Essen, L.,
Electronics and Wireless World, 64, 44 (October 1978).
4. Essen, L.,
Electronics and Wireless World, 94, 126 (February 1988).
5. Trouton, F. T.
and R. H. Noble, Proceedings of the Royal Society, 72, 132 (1903).
6.
Silvertooth, E. V., Nature, 332, 590 (1986).
7. Silvertooth, E. V.,
Speculations in Science and Technology, 10, 3 (1987).
8. Aspden, H., Physics
Today, 41, 132 (March 1988).
9. Marinov, S., in: "Progress in Space-Time
Physics 1987", J. P. Wesley, Editor, Benjamin Wesley, Federal Republic of
Germany, pp 16-31 (1987).
10. H. Aspden, "Physics without Einstein",
Sabberton, Southampton, pp. 27-37
(1969).
Harold Aspden
Department of Electrical
Engineering,
University of Southampton,
SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH
United
Kingdom
Free inventors and those who invest in their inventions often have very little appreciation of the values and limitations of patent coverage. This paper presents a personal perspective by someone having extensive experience in a corporate patent environment, but who also has developed a strong scientific interest in electromagnetic phenomena and energy technology. The views expressed are a statement of the strategy the author would pursue if he were to invent a new energy device and had limited backing. These views do not constitute professional advice and should not be seen regarded as such.
Introducing an Invention
Imagine that you made an invention. You have invented a new machine that is able to deliver electrical power from the air temperature fluctuations in the local environment. Your machine is "clean" in every respect. It is solid state, involves no harmful chemicals, meets any safety standard and involves only modest production facilities. It does, however, involve a new physical process which, once publicized, would make it relatively easy for others to devise alternative ways of performing the same function.
Your position is that you are a "free inventor", which means, for example, that you are not tied to a corporate entity so far as this particular invention is concerned and can invent on your own behalf. You naturally want the world at large to enjoy the benefits that your invention offers, but you expect to receive public recognition for your achievement and you hope to become very rich in the process. You have reached Stage I by working out how such a machine can be built.
Now, at this stage, it is of vital importance to be sure that your machine, as conceived, will work in practice. Stage II is the stage at which you are standing in front of a working device. You may well feel sure that your "paper proposal" must work, but that is not the same as knowing it will work and it leaves you far short of being able to demonstrate that working machine to a would-be backer. So, what is your course of action, assuming you need financial backing to reach Stage II?
Very probably no financial backing will be forthcoming if all you can offer is a theoretical proposition, particularly if you have not taken some steps to secure a priority date for a patent and verify that what you propose is really new.
The Patent Application
How do you know that your "invention" has really not been thought of before? Well, you say, "if it had, then we would see it used and would all be enjoying a higher standard of living." This attitude invites the comment that it might well have been thought of before and it may even have been covered in a published patent specification but yet it has not found commercial use, simply because it is not commercially viable.
Still, you cannot let go of a good idea and you are obliged, indeed driven by internal forces, to proceed further. Whether you find a backer before or after you initiate the patent process, and before or after you reach Stage II by building a working machine, you should, in your own interests, do something to secure that basic patent protection.
This involves filing a patent application at a Patent Office and it is here that you will be seeking professional advice on the preparation of the patent specification. Then your problems begin to mount up. They are no longer just technical problems or financial problems; you have to describe a working machine even if it is only one you imagine and it has to be claimed in a way that gives legal definition to what you have invented. That means that you have to be able to explain to the patent attorney the underlying principles of machine operation and how it works. It is his task to write a general description in suitable style and structure the patent claims that will define your monopoly, should the patent be granted.
Now a word of caution. Any suggestion that you have found a really novel Earth-shaking energy conversion process will inevitably attract suspicion, if not scorn. Unless you have a very thorough scientific training in the subject involved, the chances are that what you see as an invention is ill-founded. The odds of success are such that, before proceeding even to arouse outsider interest in the project, common sense requires that you do some experimental tests to verify the foundations of your proposal. Without such evidence or an adequate scientific argument, you have no way of giving the patent attorney the information needed to proceed with a patent application. I will assume, however, that you have overcome that hurdle and can proceed with the patent process.
By filing an application for a patent you:
(a) create a legal priority date for your rights,
(b) put on
public record a declaration of what you believe you have invented and
(c)
initiate a process by which you can have an official assessment of the novelty
of your invention.
What does that all really mean? Well, it assures that if your patent specification is published your contribution will, at least, be of historical record in public archives. It may not mean fame and fortune, but your contribution is published. It means also that if anyone else tries to patent the same invention at a later time, the fact that your "priority date" is earlier will be effective in limiting that rival action. Of more practical importance is the official patent search that will determine how novel your invention might be.
That search is very important to you and it is particularly important for you to know the result early enough to allow you to determine whether to extend your patent coverage to a multiplicity of countries. You need that information because it is a costly business and there is no point in spending a lot of money on patents if your invention lacks novelty, because at the end of the day your patent coverage could be worthless.
So that search data is important in giving confidence to backers who might be putting their money into your project.
To sum up, you have to be able to support an initial patent application to draw an official opinion on the novelty of your invention in time for you to decide how to proceed in get tiny multi-country patent coverage.
The Patented Machine
It is all too easy to think that, if you are working on a prototype machine and you have filed a patent application on that machine, then you have patent cover. You must be aware of the possibility that the machine design that you eventually settle upon and the patent claims to end up with have not moved in opposite directions, leaving you with no real protection at all. I suspect that there are too many instances where the patent expense has gone into getting the same basic patent coverage in a large number of countries rather than in filing, in just a few countries, a series of improvement patents that keep up with the machine development.
The investor who puts his money into such an invention might think the machine that evolves with that development is covered, merely because there is a long list of national patent application numbers all founded on that same initial patent application. Yet it has to be expected that problems exercising more ingenuity will be encountered in that development. Therefore, it must be expected that more inventions will arise. It may even be that the official patent brings to light earlier proposals which stand in the way of a patent grant, but nevertheless reveal ideas which stimulate improvement of the machine in a way that is itself inventive. So almost inevitably, in the electrotechnical field at least, one should be looking for a way of securing a patent coverage involving several patents based on several inventive features in the same machine.
If, therefore, you are inclined to think along the lines that a particular patent covers a particular machine, you may easily misunderstand what the patent system is all about. A patent gives you no rights to make any machine, as such. It gives you, instead, the right to stop others from making machines that are copies of your machine or machines of their own design, if those machines happen to include an invention for which your patent was granted. That invention is defined by the legal wording of the claims of your patent and not by the technical description in the specification. If those claims as granted turn out to be very limited in scope, the essential characteristic that you think makes your machine work may not be protected. A single machine can incorporate many inventions and so infringe many patents. So, my point is that, if you are to spend a given number of dollars on patent costs, it can be better to obtain five patents on improvements in, say, three countries than to settle for fifteen patents on one supposedly basic feature, by spreading the cover to fifteen countries.
The Strategy for Patent Coverage
A simple strategy is to solicit plant coverage in one country, namely the US. This can be very rewarding from a license point of view if the invention is a good one but there is always the risk that the patent may not be granted and, if it is granted, it may be contested. A potential licensee during the patent application stage knowing that you have "all your eggs in one basket" in your US application, may be inclined to wait to see what emerges and whether you are granted a patent at all. By having one or two parallel patent applications in other countries, where different examiners judge your invention and patents can be granted earlier, that potential licensee will be more likely to come to terms at an earlier phase. Furthermore, there is less likelihood that the validity of your patent will be challenged, whether by an infringer or a potential licensee, if it is known that you have several patent applications covering different inventions but all on a related theme of interest. The odds of winning such contests, the time delays involved and the ability of the respective parties to sustain legal expense over a protracted period, are all factors that come to bear in these matters. It is generally better to sit as a patentee holding several patents and patent applications on different but relevant inventions rather than to have extensive world patent coverage on a single invention. I still qualify this, by reminding you that I am speaking of electrotechnological inventions. In the pharmaceutics, where a single drug patent can cover the composition of one product, patent strategy considerations are very different. We are here concerned with the invention we see as a breakthrough in the energy field and especially one that emerges not from research in the laboratories of a major corporation.
With a limited country patent coverage goes the risk that competitors will be able to manufacture in many countries without worrying about infringement of your patents. You may see this as a lost opportunity. So, let us suppose that you have not sought coverage in Japan or Germany. Both are large markets having extensive manufacturing bases and export capacity and offer great potential for your invention. Patent filing in these countries could be particularly advantageous if you have special reason for thinking that a Japanese or German company is interested in your ideas. However, imagine that you have sought protection only in the US and UK, for example. Your patent specification will be published by the British Patent Office 18 months after your initial filing date. This is a public disclosure of the description which accompanies your claim for the grant of a patent. The ultimate grant process takes appreciably longer, but that UK Patent Specification will give a measure of your invention by showing the result of the Patent Office search. This can help in interesting licensees. Now, imagine that you can attract some news media publicity for your invention. It comes to the attention of manufacturers looking for new products. A company in Japan or Germany searches the official patent records and sees that the field is clear for local manufacture and sale at least. They decide to build a machine incorporating your invention.
Remember here that it is often not the President or a Board Director of that company that acts in response to your news coverage. If it were that would be more likely to result in your being contacted with a license opportunity in mind. The chances are that one of the technical employees of that company will read about your device in some scientific journal. That may only seed a technical idea in that person's mind. There will be no special interest in glorifying your work and acclaiming what you have done as a great discovery. Human nature amongst the technically minded can be such that they like to exercise their own creative brain power and that can lead to second hand versions of machines developing from your basic theme. They, in effect, have jumped on your idea and, in the light of some special skill they have, or some special knowledge they have about the technical trends, facilities, etc., within their own company, the scene is set for something similar to your invention to emerge under the house name of that organization.
From your viewpoint it matters not how the seeds you have sown bear their fruit, just so long as something happens. The company, whether Japanese or German, French, Swiss, etc. has no license from you and you have no patent in those countries. Their machine is a commercial success. Your efforts, even to attract a licensee in the UK or US, have failed and your own attempts to build a prototype machine have no commercial pay-off. You have the satisfaction that at least that UK Patent specification shows that you are the true and first inventor and you may have a few newspaper clippings to show to your friends. But, have you really lost out? Then ask whether it is likely that a Japanese or German company, having succeeded in exploiting what is truly your invention, can viably market such a product without wanting to export it to the US and Europe. If they do then they need a license from you to sell in the US or UK No such company can be happy about marketing a product in part of Europe without selling it in the UK International companies cannot abide such distorted market situations, when all that blocks them is a mere need for a patent license. If they do take extreme steps to avoid selling their product in these two countries you still have a course of action. You can point to the success of their product elsewhere to justify the commercial viability of your invention. This will surely attract a strong licensee interest by companies who compete with those Japanese or German interests. There will be interest in obtaining an exclusive license from you. These companies can contemplate worldwide marketing of your invention if they have a license from you for the US and UK. Furthermore, should the Japanese or German rivals have secured some specific patent coverage on what they are selling, there is always the potential for a cross-license arrangement favorable to your licensees, thanks to those key patents that you hold in the US and UK.
Had you spent a fortune obtaining patents in numerous countries you might not be much better off at the end of the day, given that your invention succeeds. However, should the invention fail, then you will have saved a very considerable outlay and your backers may still be around to invest in your next speculative invention.
As a "free inventor" in the energy field, which particularly includes an inventor in the "free energy" field, I would therefore save patent expense by very restricted country patent filing and put my money into patenting the succession of developments on the basic theme. Now, I have just mentioned "free energy", that is energy that can come in abundance if we know where to look for it and is free in the sense that it costs very little to transport it or convert it into useful form. Hydroelectric power is "free energy" but there are substantial costs in building a major dam and the available sites for such facilities are limited. However, it would be an ideal source of relatively cheap energy were it more accessible and plentiful universally.
So my comments now address the special field that many would classify as "perpetual motion". It is generally known that Patent Offices turn their backs on applications which they see as in this category.
The Perpetual Motion Syndrome
If you go to a Patent Office and offer a patent application claiming perpetual motion, you will get the feeling that the official rejection is telling you to get on your machine, set it going in a direction that takes you well away from the Patent Office and keep going. The Patent Office is staffed by reasonable people, but they are protected from wasting their time on crazy ideas, thanks to the rules and regulations prescribed. So my task now is to tell you how that great discovery of yours which does smack of "perpetual motion" might be navigated through Patent Office channels to secure a valid grant.
Here, again, I am saying what I would do myself, in the light of my patent knowledge, but I confess that, so far, I have not had the opportunity to practice what I am now about to preach. That great new "free energy" invention is something I have to look forward to having under my control. However, I have heard of others who believe they have made such inventions and who have tried or are trying to get patents and are running into difficulties.
There is a whole field of activity that is excluded from patentability by law and the way that law is interpreted. The wording of the law differs from country to country but the effects are much the same everywhere.
To be patentable the invention has to apply to something having technical qualities in an engineering or scientific sense. It must be of use industrially and one can exclude accountancy methods, methods of calculation, mere theoretical ideas and scientific principles, as such. What we are concerned with is something that is rejected on grounds which were expressed in earlier British law by words which referred to the patent application as: "frivolous because it claims as an invention anything obviously contrary to well established natural laws".
The operative law today is consistent with that governing the grant of European Patents by the European Patent Office in Munich, Germany. The guidelines for examination actually specify that a perpetual motion machine should be rejected for being alleged "to operate in a manner clearly contrary to well-established physical laws."
Now, here I want to point out something very important. The guidelines go on to say "Objection could arise only in so far as the claim specifies the intended function or purpose of the invention, but if, say, a perpetual motion machine is claimed merely as an article having a particular specified construction then objection should not be m ace. "
What this means is that your patent application must not claim perpetual motion, but if the claims are founded on a legitimate technical device which can function without breaching the bounds of well-established physical law, then even if those claims could include a perpetual motion device as well, you may still secure a grant.
Let me put this in a different way and in a slightly different technical context. Suppose your machine, in your opinion, defies one of Newton's laws of motion and offers the potential of easy interplanetary space travel. You would be foolish to claim a space craft based on a description of a machine design which obviously does not operate in accordance with accepted Newtonian law. In this extreme situation, you could however, claim a machine, the essential part of which has exactly that construction, but provided your patent puts the emphasis on the utility of that machine as a device for testing Newton's laws. With an appropriate wording of claim, the use of the same machine for transportation purposes could be covered anyway. The grant of the patent is then justified, unless what you write is truly frivolous. Obviously, if you can actually demonstrate the working machine to the Patent Office examiners, it is clear that you exceeded some boundary beyond which those Newtonian laws might not reach. Then, I feel sure that any such machine that obviously has practical utility will become patentable; the fields in which the accepted physical laws are well established have merely been restricted and so the law is not breached.
On the more direct subject of the "free energy" machine, there are two laws of thermodynamics which will usually apply. The first law requires that energy should be conserved in any physical process, and I suggest to you that a "free energy" machine, which ostensibly does not comply with accepted physical laws, must draw on energy from some source. If that source is known and catered for in your patent description then so much the better. It will, in my opinion, either be the thermal energy of the system or the zero-point vacuum energy that prevades the vacuum field. For reasons of my own, I suspect that the surplus energy in the zero-point field can only materialize as matter, e.g., creating protons in a stable situation or leptons (such as electrons or mu mesons) in a transient fluctuating situation.
So your "free energy" source is likely to be energy drawn from the thermal state of the machine or its environment. There are magneto-caloric effects operative in this way in certain magnetic apparatus. Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization is well established in physics.
The next hurdle is the second law of thermodynamics, which is generally the one that most critics would say was standing in the way. No machine should be able to run on heat energy unless that energy is degraded from a higher temperature to a lower temperature. This is a law waiting to be broken, in my opinion, unless that machine is a pure heat engine. From a formal point of view it should only be seen as a law that is well established for heat engines, as such, but when one comes to magnetic machines, the only thermodynamic law that seems of any relevance is that first law relating to energy conservation. So my perspective on this subject is that "free energy" sourced in the thermal background is a worthy subject of research.
A perpetual motion machine that runs by cooling down and, in doing useful work, regenerates heat sounds absurd. If you sit back and think about it, it makes no sense at all. Why should physical phenomena combine to do nothing but spin wheels forever, just because somebody has put together an electro-mechanical contraption of some kind. It is truly absurd. However, just remember that we are sitting on an Earth that spins and that has a magnetic field. We look at a sun that spins and feeds heat energy into space. Many physicists believe that on a cosmic time scale of tens of billions of years there is a slow resonance effect by which the processes that power the stars are regenerated as the universe expands and contracts ad infinituum. We ascribe to God the power of setting up that kind of perpetual motion, but still try to justify as much as we can to pure physics. God is not a factor in the governing equations of physics. Why then should we be so sure that a small "perpetual motion" machine can never be built by human hand?
I could, of course, go on to talk about the more general features of the patent system. There are tactics in licensing that even apply to a single national patent that arises once a prototype device can be shown to work. Suffice it to say that the patent system, unquestionably, can help the free inventor striving to make a break-through in the energy field, but it can eat up financial resources unless you are careful.
T. E. Bearden
A.D.A.S.
P.O. Box 1472
HUNTSVILLE,
Alabama 35807
United States of America
It is revealing to discuss the basic genesis of modern electromagnetic theory starting with Maxwell's original theory expressed in quaternions (1) (2) (3).
Most of us are familiar with four fundamental equations of theoretical electromagnetics, universally taught in Western universities and colleges as "Maxwell's Equations". (See Table 1) It may come as somewhat of a surprise, at least to the casual scientist or engineer, that these equations never appeared anywhere in Maxwell's fundamental "Treatise". (4) (5). In fact, they are entirely due to the interpretation of a single brilliant man, Oliver Heaviside (6) (7).
The Early Struggle in EM Theory
Maxwell wrote his first paper on electromagnetics in 1864 - during the time of the US Civil War, and the paper was published in 1865 (8). At that time, the modern form of vector analysis had not yet been completed (9). The prevailing mathematics available for use in deeper electrical physics was the quaternion theory founded by Hamilton in 1843 (10). Hamilton's quaternion theory was the first significant nonarithmetic mathematical system (11).
Maxwell's original expression of his theory was written in quaternions and quaternion-like mathematics. It attracted singularly attention (12), and was considered only speculation until Heinrich Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves in 1885-1888 (13) (14).
Indeed, early on, mathematicians strongly attacked Maxwell for his - to them revolutionary and startling concept that energy could exist in a massless wave and travel through space (15). While that concept is considered self-evident to today's scientist and engineer, it was considered incredible and starting when Maxwell proposed it.
TABLE 1:
DIFFERENTIAL VECTOR FORM OF
HEAVISIDE/MAXWELL EQUATIONS
Maxwell's equations (Gaussian units):
Combining these equations with the Lorentz force equation and Newton's Second Law of Motion is thought to provide a complete description of the classical dynamics of interacting particles, and electromagnetic fields.
Two vectors, not interlocked.
a. Two vectors which are not interlocked by the medium (abstract vector space), simply pass through each other and do not interact. They cannot be said to have a common resultant, except fleetingly.
Two vectors, interlocked.
b. Two vectors which are interlocked by the medium (abstract vector space) do not pass through each other but do interact. They can be said to have a common translation resultant externally. However, internally they must be said to produce a stress in the medium (abstract vector space).
Figure 1: A serious flaw exists in the application of the abstract vector analysis to physical systems. Only when the local gravitational effects are fleeting or negligible, does this flaw become negligible - and the vector theory become a valid representation (model).
Maxwell himself was an excellent mathematician of the time (16) (17), of ability far beyond that of most of the contemporary electrical theorists and experimenters (18) (19). Possibly as a result, both his early lectures and writings were therefore difficult - or even nearly impossible - for his contemporaries to comprehend (20). It required the translation of Maxwell's theory (20) into the abbreviated and clearer, more readily understood vector mathematics of Oliver Heaviside (22), and the publication of clearer and much simpler expositions by Heaviside (23), before "Maxwell's theory" - or at least the Heaviside subset of it - began to capture the attention of leading university electrical scientists (24).
At the same time, the major expositor of the tough, obtuse and very difficult quaternion theory - Prof. Peter Guthrie Tait - was a stubborn, fiery, argumentative mathematician rather than a physicist. He also delayed preparing his exposition of quaternion theory until a number of years had passed and his mentor, Hamilton, had had time to rework his own obtuse, difficult book (25) (26). While Tait delayed, scientists and engineers beset with practical problems in the real world of industry were frantically seeking a simplified theory that: (1) could be readily grasped and understood, and (2) could immediately be applied to solve their practical problems of equipment design and building. The only available and accessible simplified theory of electromagnetism that fitted their urgent needs was the clear, simplified and imminently practical work of Oliver Heaviside - who himself held no degree and was self-educated.
Accordingly, the die was cast. Working engineers and leading scientists focused upon Heaviside's vector interpretation of Maxwell's difficult quaternionic expressions. In Heaviside's version the engineering calculations were enormously eased, and electrical engineers could get solutions to their pressing problems and get on with their business of constructing electrical devices and electrical machinery. Except for a very few mathematical scientists who could handle the heavy labours of quaternions, Heaviside's electromagnetics rapidly became the ipso facto standard.
A major schism developed between the increasingly isolated few quaternionists and the steadily multiplying vectorists, slowly growing to white heat in the literature A final duel to the death became inevitable.
The duel exploded before the turn of the century and a short, sharp debate occurred among about 30 or so scientists and in about 12 journals (27). The culmination was quick - complete victory by the vectorists. The quaternion EM theory was simply cast out, and the scientific community turned to Heaviside's limited vector subset of the Maxwell theory. The short "debate" only confirmed what had already become an accomplished fact: the Heaviside vector analysis translation of the EM subset of Maxwell's theory was already universally accepted and applied.
Vector Analysis Excised Electrogravitation
Ironically, in their great haste to seize upon Heaviside's simpler, clearer explanation of EM and get on with solving practical engineering problems, the nineteenth century scientists gave up something of far greater value: the unification of EM and gravity, and the ability to directly engineer gravitation itself.
Maxwell had actually written a unified field theory of electromagnetics and gravitation - not just the unification of electricity and magnetism as is commonly believed (28). Further, this can readily be shown by examining some significant even startling - elementary differences between quaternion mathematics and the present vector mathematics (29) (30) (31) (32).
Let us briefly look at one of these key differences, to show that the present vector mathematics expression of Maxwell's theory is only a subset of his quaternion theory (33).
What Heaviside's theory specifically omitted was electrogravitation (KG) - the ability to transform electromagnetic force field energy into gravitational potential energy, and vice-versa. And that has been omitted because of the assumptions of the vector theory in the nature of: (1) EM vector field combination, and (2) a zero-vector resultant of the interaction of multiple nonzero EM force vectors (34) (35).
Briefly, in Heaviside's vector mathematics, the abstract vector space in which the vectors exist has no stress nor consequent "curvature" in it. That is, the mathematical vector space does not change due to interactions between the vectors it "contains". This, of course is not necessarily true in the "real space" of the physical world. Thus when such an abstract vector space and its concomitant coordinate system are taken to model physical space (physical reality), the model will be valid only when the physical space itself has no appreciable local curvature, and is in a state of total equilibrium with respect to its interactions with observable charged particles and masses.
So abstract vector theory implicitly assumes "no locked-in stress energy of the vector space itself". By assumption, the only interactions are between the objects (the vectors) placed in/on that space. Therefore, when two or more translation vectors sum or multiply locally to a zero-vector translation resultant, in such an "unstressable" vector space one is justified in: (1) replacing the system of summing/multiplying translation vector components with a zero-vector, and (2) discarding the previous translation vector components of the zero-vector system. That is, one may properly equate the translation zero-vector system with a zero-vector, since the presence or absence of the combined vectors can have no further action. Specifically, axiomatically they exert no stress on the abstract vector space. Under those assumptions, the system can be replaced by its equivalent zero-factor alone.
Note that, applied to electromagnetics, this modeling procedure eliminates any theoretical possibility of electrogravitation (EM stress curvature of local space-time) a priori.
Force Vectors are Translations of Stress
Conceptually, a force vector is actually a release of some implied stress in a local medium. The force is applied to create stress in a second local region immediately adjacent to the primary region of stress. Of course the stress being thus "translated" by the force vector may be either tensile or compressive in nature, but a priori the force vector always represents the translation of that stress from its tail-end toward its head.
Consequently, an EM force vector is a gradient (inflow or outflow) in a scalar EM potential (stress), where the referent potential stress may be either tensile or compressive. Since modern Heaviside-type vectors do not distinguish between, or even recognize, the two "head and tail" scalar EM potentials involved in a vector, one needs to refer to Whittaker (36) to get it right. Whittaker, a fine mathematician in his own right, showed that any vector field can be replaced by two scalar waves. Unfortunately, the electrogravitational implications of Whittaker's profound work were not recognized and followed up, and their connection to Maxwell's quaternionic EM theory was not noticed nor examined.
So the idea of a vector EM force represents a release of a primary "tail-associated" scalar potential, and a bleedoff of that potential. It represents an increase in its primary "head-associated" scalar potential, and a bleed into that potential. Each scalar potential itself represents trapped EM energy density in the local vacuum, in the form of two or more (even an infinite number of) internal (infolded) EM force vector components (which may be either fixed, dynamic, or a blend of the two). The trapped energy density, however, may be either positive or negative with respect to the local energy density of the standard ambient vacuum, since the potential may be either compressive or tensile.
Maxwell's Electrogravitation Was Lost
Today we know that all potentials are gravitational and curve space-time; it is well-known in general relativity that gravitational curvature is simply the set of many potentials. One therefore can see that a vector EM wave represents a progressive translation wave in the vacuum EM potential - in the local EM-induced curvature of space-time. This EM change in local curvature of space-time moves away at the speed of light, producing only the most fleeting or momentary changes in curvature of any localized space-time region.
We note here as an aside: Only in a standing EM wave and in phase waves of coupled EM waves is there any deviation from the "momentary and then lost" change in the local space-time curvature. In those cases, the "persistence" of the local change in potential is an adverse function of frequency; hence at extremely low frequencies EM potential change persistence is sufficient to produce some very small electrogravitational effects. The effect is still slight, however, since the normal concept of "standing EM wave" represents a standing force vector situation, which is actually a stabilized spatial bleedoff of the potential. If a standing scalar EM wave is produced as in the two opposing pump waves in nonlinear optics pumped phase conjugate mirrors - then the stress is not primarily spatial, but temporal. Spatial effects then occur by particle-coupling - either in the virtual particle flux of vacuum or from the nucleus of an atom to the electron shells, and out into the material lattice structure. In the case of a standing scalar wave, electrogravitational effects are highly magnified because of the conversion of the primary potential stress to the time component. This increases the EG effects obtainable by a factor up to 9x10exp16. For this situation, at ELF standing scalar EM wave frequencies, very appreciable electrogravitational effects can be locally obtained.
The "Bottom Line" of EM Force-Field Theory
Thus concentrating only on the force fields of Maxwellian EM theory is equatable to concentrating on the situation where any localized electrogravitational effect that is temporarily formed is instantly released at the speed of light. The EG-effect in such a system is so small and fleeting, that the possibility of any persisting or significant local gravitational effects may be ignored.
Because of this, in any EM theory based only on the force fields and focusing only on their effects, then: (1) EM forces and their derivative effects may be represented by elementary Heaviside/Gibbs vector theory, including the equivalence of the zero-translation vector and any zero summed/multiplied system of nonzero translation vectors, (2) a system of EM forces which sum or multiply to a zero resultant may be discarded outright and the zero-vector substituted, (3) the effect of an EM potential is only to serve as an accumulator from which an EM force may be produced, and only its nonzero gradient will be thought to have any physical significance, (4) translation of EM forces (i.e., of potential gradients) and their effects on charged matter will assume primary importance, and (5) the potentials themselves may be regarded as simply mathematical conveniences and of little importance. This is precisely the subset of Maxwell's electromagnetics extracted and written so clearly by Heaviside.
As was Hertz, Heaviside was adamantly opposed to attaching any sort of physical reality to the potentials, preferring that they should be excised and "murdered". An indelible imprint - that potentials were “mysticism" and at best only mathematical conveniences - was imposed upon physics by Heaviside and Hertz (21). This rigid mindset was not to lessen (at least in quantum mechanics) until 1959; it was not to be assuaged until the mid-1960's (22) (37).
How EM Potentials are Regarded Today
So in 1988, we have finally arrived at the state where the potentials are more-or-less understood by a consensus of quantum physicists as being the primary EM reality, while the force fields are now seen to be secondary effects generated from the potentials.
This understanding, however, still has a long way to go before it penetrates the main bastions of physics and electrical engineering. Most scientists and electrical engineers are still adamantly committed to the Heaviside version of Maxwell's theory, and are strongly conditioned that the EM force fields are the primary effectors in electromagnetics.
They are also nearly totally resistant to the idea that there may be a fundamental error in automatically replacing a zero-resultant system of EM translation force vectors with a zero factor, rather than replacing the system with the combination of a conditional zero vector (conditional for translation only) and a scalar stress potential. Consequently, most orthodox scientists and engineers are still strongly conditioned against quaternions, and erroneously believe that Heaviside's translation was complete. Seemingly it has never occurred to most mathematicians and scientists that zero-vectors are usually not truly equal. Stress-wise, zero resultant combinant systems of multiple translation vectors usually differ in: (1) magnitude, (2) polarization, (3) type of stress, (4) frequency components, (5) nonlinear components, and (6) dynamic internal variation (38).
Vectors Versus Quaternions: The Cross Product
In a conventional 3-dimensional vector, one may have three vector components, such as (in Cartesian coordinates):
(1)
where 
are unit vectors in the
directions of the x, y and z axes respectively and a, b and c are constants. In
the right side of equation (1), the three components of vector v are:
(2)
Obviously if the vector components of vector 
are zero vectors, then:
(3)
We shall be interested in the vector product of two identical
vectors 
, where
x= 
(4)
where A is the length (magnitude) of vector 
, 
is the angle between
the two vectors (in this case zero), and 
is
the zero vector.
After Heaviside and Gibbs, electrical engineers are trained to
replace the cross product 
x
with the zero vector 
,
discarding the components of the zero vector system as having no further
consequences, either electromagnetically or physically.
Now let us look at the comparable quaternion expression of this
situation. First, in addition to the three vector components, a quaternion also
has a scalar component, w. So the quaternion q corresponding to vector 
is:
(5)
The physical interpretation of equation (5) is that there
locally exists a stress w in the medium and a translation change 
in that stress.
When the quaternion is multiplied times itself (that is, times an identical quaternion), the vector part zeros, just as it did for the vector expression. However, the scalar part does not go to zero. Instead, we have:
(6)
There is a very good physical interpretation of this result. The
zero translation vector resultant 
for the
system shows that the system now does not produce translation of a charged
particle. Because the force vectors have been infolded, the scalar term shows
that the system is stressing, and the magnitude of that stress is given by the
scalar term 
.
Notice that the zero vector in equation (6) does not represent the absence of translation vectors, but it represents the presence of a system of multiple (in this case, two) vectors, one of them acting upon the other in such a manner that their external translation effect has been lost and only their stress effect remains (39). The quaternion scalar expression has, in fact, captured the local stress due to the forces acting one on the other, so to speak. It is focused on the local stress, and the abstract vector space, adding a higher dimension to it.
In other words, the 
in
equation (6) represents the internal stress action of a nontranslating system of
vectors that are present, infolded, and acting internally together on the common
medium that entraps them and locks them together. The two translation vectors
have formed a deterministically substructured medium-stressing system, and this
is a local gravitational effect.
One sees that, if we would capture gravitation in a vector mathematics theory of EM, we must again restore the scalar term and convert the vector to a quaternion, so that one captures the quaternionically infolded stresses. These infolded stresses actually represent curvature effects in the abstract vector space itself. Changing to quaternions changes the abstract vector space, adding higher dimensions to it.
Artificial Electrogravitational Timestress
Let us assume for a moment that the two identical vectors
and 
are
electric forces. Then 
represents the case
where they are "locked together" in a local medium.
We now recall the modern quantum mechanical view that no "static" thing exists as such in the universe. A macroscopic "static" force - at quantum level - represents a continual constant rate of quantum change. In the case of an electrical force, it represents a continual constant rate of flux exchange of virtual photons.
The zero vector in equation (6) represents a constant exchange of macroscopically organized virtual energy into the local medium. Consequently, it represents continual internal work into and onto the local medium, but without translating it.
So a zero vector system of nonzero vector components represents internal or "infolded" constantly-working forces (internal to the medium) where the system does not cause translation of the point or region of application, whereas a nonzero vector and a nonzero vector system represent external forces which cause at least some translation of the point or region of application, unless this translation is nullified by other forces (40).
Physically, equation (6) may now be seen to state that: (1) internal forces (in the form of an internal stress) are present in the local medium but no translation force is present, and (2) these internal forces are continually performing internal work on the local medium without external translation. Since the translation vector component has spatially zeroed, then the scalar component that results may be taken to represent the time rate of expenditure of this internal work that is being done on the local medium - that is, it represents the extra internal power (which is simply the extra energy density of time) now being expended locally in and on the medium as a sink. If the vector components of the zero vector system are oriented outward, then the scalar stress component changes sign and it represents the extra internal power locally flowing out of the medium as a source.
Infolded Structuring is Dynamic and Complex
As can be realized, by changing the magnitudes, phasing, directions, rotations and dynamic frequencies of the vector components of the zero-vector stress system, very elaborate and sophisticated structuring of the local space-time medium (the local vacuum) may be deterministically constructed and controlled at will.
The continually performed internal work represents an increase or decrease in the local energy density of the medium, hence in the stress of the medium. However, note that this stress - either compressive or tensile is in and on the rate of flow of local time in the region. This timestress represents an artificial stress potential, where by "artificial" we mean that the timestress of the local medium is structured and macroscopically patterned (and controlled) deterministically; translation of that timestress is spatially radiating out over a finite macroscopic neighbourhood of the local point or region of application. This may be contrasted to a "natural" potential where the internal component stress vectors in the surrounding spatial neighbourhood are microscopic and randomly varying in all directions.
In equation (6), then, we have a local gravitational effect - a local increase in the energy density of a vacuum. Because the large EM force is utilized rather than the weak G-force, and because it is a timestress condition, it is a powerful local general relativistic effect. Because the local vacuum flux is significantly altered, we have a locally curved space-time which is significantly anisotropic, in violation to one of the fundamental (and crippling) assumptions of Einsteinian general relativity. Further, this is an electrogravitational effect. since it is a gravitational effect produced by purely electromagnetic means (41).
We have therefore produced a local curvature of space-time, and done so electromagnetically.
What is even more astonishing to the conventional relativist is that this local curvature startling enough in its own right - is also deterministically structured, and we can control the structuring at will. Hence we can engineer (structure) the vacuum itself (42).
But to return to equation (6).
The EG Sine-Squared Stress Wave
Suppose that 
represents a
time-varying 
-field vector and its amplitude is
of the form:
(7)
Then:
(8)
and this is a scalar EM stress wave, of variation of the local curvature of the vacuum. It is a powerful electrogravitational (scalar electromagnetic) wave, particularly if we produce it as a standing wave and use it to "pump" atomic nuclei in a rhythmically varying manner (43).
Briefly, a sine-squared wave has the appearance of a sort of "skinny" sine wave a near-sawtoothed wave that is now oscillating about an increased bias. In other words, the wave of equation (8) represents a scalar EM (an KG) wave that pumps the atomic nuclei of a targeted material, holding those nuclei at an excited average potential level. The wave has strong and very useful applications in - among other things - electrohealing. (44).
Example: Application to Explain Four-Wave Mixing
Now most modulations are represented by similar multiplication
between two waves. Suppose we have two equal-amplitude, continuous monochromatic
-field sine-waves, introduced into a nonlinear
dielectric medium in antiparallel and antiphased fashion (45). The medium will
act as a modulator, causing the two waves to together", so that their 
-fields sum everywhere to a zero resultant vector
spatially. A standing sine-squared scalar EM (electrogravitational) wave of the
stress of time will be formed by the waves, very similar to equation (8) above.
This scalar wave will not appreciably react to the orbital electron shells of an atom of the dielectric, but will not pass through these outer "Faraday cages", reaching directly into the highly nonlinear nucleus itself.
We invoke the quantum mechanical picture of the nucleus as: (1) a region of local sharp curvature of space-time, (2) incredibly dynamic, with particles of every kind continually changing, transmuting, giving off other particles and waves, being absorbed, etc., (3) containing violent and dynamic charges and locally trapped fierce currents, and with field strength fluctuations reaching 10 and above, (4) in violent virtual particle exchange with the neighbouring vacuum, and (5) on the average, positively charged, so that it is -- on the average -- time reversed (46).
The presence of the sine-squared EG wave in the nucleus alters the nuclear potential by - on the average - the "DC" component potential amount. However, this delta in the potential is dynamic, varying as the sine-squared. This dynamically oscillating potential wave constitutes a pump wave on the nucleus itself, and it is rhythmically pumping the amplitude of the nuclear potential itself. We may think of the pumped nucleus as now conditioned to function as a parametric amplifier, ready to be given another "signal input" (47).
Now let us introduce yet another small sine wave into the nonlinear dielectric. It will modulate each of the two pump wave components, forming a scalar modulation upon the scalar sine-squared pump wave, and riding directly into the nucleus. In positive time, this now constitutes a "signal input" to the "parametric amplifier nucleus". The input is absorbed and amplified, up to the level of the pumping energy available in the pump wave that can be "scavenged up and gated".
Internal Absorption Can Be External Emission
However, the nucleus, being time reversed, also produces a time-reversed absorption which is seen spatially by the external observer as constituting emission! That is, in his own positive time, the external observer sees the time-reversed absorption as an emission event. Further, this is a time reversal - and hence an "emission" to the external observer of the entire parametrically amplified signal wave. (After all, in reversed time it is the pump wave that is modulating the signal wave - a principle of importance.)
So the powerfully amplified signal wave in the parametric amplifier is seen by the external spatial observer to be emitted from the nucleus. In short, a time-reversed and powerful scalar wave is emitted by the nucleus, passing back along the exact path taken by the original "signal wave". To a time-reversed entity, that invisible path is its path ahead of it in positive observer time. The external observer sees the emitted wave emerge as a powerfully amplified time-reversed EM wave, backtracking precisely back along the exact path taken by the signal wave, and appearing everywhere in phase spatially with the continuous signal wave.
In 4-space, of course, the time-reversed wave is out of phase in the fourth dimension, time.
Four-Wave Mixing is Like a Triode
This is the mechanism by which four-wave mixing provides a powerfully amplified time-reversed replica of the signal wave.
Note that the entire process can be compared to a triode: the signal wave constitutes the grid signal, the pump wave constitutes the plate voltage, and the nucleus of the atom in the dielectric provides the self-powered cathode.
We put in the signal wave (grid signal) and get out a 180-degree phase-shifted, amplified phase conjugate replica (amplified plate signal). The difference is that the PCR is phase-shifted in time, not space.
Negative Energy, Nuclear Binding and Transmutation
Note also that negative energy is already involved in the time-reversed nucleus of the atom, as in negative time (48). Excess "negative energy" in the nucleus means "additional binding energy", which will be expressed as additional inertia and coupled onto the electron shells. In this case the "inertial mass" of the pumped material increases, inversely as the pumping frequency. Less "negative energy" in the nucleus means "decreased binding energy", which places the nucleus in an unstable state. The nucleus can actually be transmuted by this means (in many cases toward barium, which apparently has the least binding energy per nucleon). Transmutation to an isomer appears easiest, though this is not always the case (49). It seems theoretically possible to design a complex pumping mixture of frequencies and power levels which will cause a specific radioactive nucleus to undergo transition to a harmless element or combination of elements. The main point is, scalar EM allows direct production of structured electrogravitational potentials in the nucleus, opening up the possibility of direct and controlled engineering of the nucleus itself.
Perspective
Obviously, in this short paper we have only scratched the surface. We have presented only the barest illustration of how Maxwell's original quaternion theory was actually a unified field theory of electrogravitation, where gravitation deals with the stress (enfolded and trapped forces) of the medium, and electrogravitation deals with the electromagnetic stress (enfolded and trapped EM forces) of the medium.
Of course, a great deal more work is necessary, but at least this indicates the way to go to obtain a unified field theory of electromagnetics and gravity that is practical and engineerable (50). I can only state that the indicated approach works in the laboratory, and let it go at that without further elaboration.
Recapitulation: From Maxwell to 1900
In summary, Maxwell himself was well-aware of the importance and reality of the potential stress of the medium (51). However, after Maxwell's death, Heaviside - together with Hertz - was responsible for striving to strip away the electromagnetic potentials from Maxwell's theory, and for strongly conditioning physicists and electrical engineers that the potentials were only mathematical conveniences and had no physical reality. Heaviside also discarded the scalar component of the quaternion, and - together with Gibbs - finalized the present modern vector analysis.
The scalar component of the quaternion, however, was the term which precisely captured the electrogravitational stress of the medium. By discarding this term, Heaviside (aided by Hertz and Gibbs) actually discarded electrogravitation, and the unified EM-G field aspects of Maxwell's theory. However, the theory and the calculations were greatly simplified in so doing, and this excision of electrogravitation provided a theory that was much more easily grasped and applied by scientists and engineers - even though they were now working in a subset of Maxwell's theory in which gravity and EM remained mutually exclusive and did not interact with each other.
Shortly before 1900, the vectorists' view prevailed, and the Heaviside version of Maxwell's theory became the established and universal "EM theory" taught in all major universities - and erroneously taught as "Maxwell's theory"! Though gravitation had been removed, the beautiful unification of the electrical and magnetic fields had been retained, and so the rise in applied and theoretical electromagnetics and electromagnetic devices began, ushering in the modern age.
Impact on Einstein's General Relativity Theory
Unfortunately, however, the excision of electrogravitation from Maxwell's theory was later to leave Albert Einstein with a quandary: it seemed that the only way space-time could be curved measureably was by and at a huge collection of mass, such as the Sun or a star. Accordingly, in constructing his theory of general relativity, Einstein assumed that the local space-time was never curved (since obviously the observer and his lab instruments would not be sitting on the surface of the Sun or of a distant star). Consequently, he did not write an unrestricted general theory of anisotropic space-time, but instead he wrote a highly restricted sort of "special relativity with distant perturbations" - which, nonetheless, was a revolutionary and epochal achievement.
Ironically, Einstein then spent the remainder of his life vainly trying to find a way to reintroduce electromagnetic fields into his general relativity, and to provide a unified field theory of gravity and electromagnetics. He failed, because his own prior assumption of a locally flat space-time had already effectively ruled out the very thing he sought.
Effect on Western Search For a Unified Field Theory
Today the magical unified theory of gravitation and electromagnetics continues to elude Western scientists, because they nearly universally adhere to Einstein's rejection of a locally-curved space-time. In so doing, the West largely rules out any local, laboratory-bench development of, and experimentation with, general relativistic systems. And in turn, that relegates general relativity to a non-experimental theory and, except for cosmological observations, a sort of "special relativity with distant perturbations."
The "locally flat space-time" assumption saves the conservation laws - and Western scientists have now become nearly totally dogmatic in their subservience to conservation. To challenge the conservation laws - and Einstein's restricted general relativity - leads to ostracization by his peers and vigourous suppression (52).
Soviet Theory of an Anisotropic Space-time
Soviet scientists, on the other hand, regularly publish papers where Einstein's crippling "local flat space-time" assumption is removed and the anisotropy of space-time is unrestricted, strongly implying that they might have developed an experimental unified field theory (53). They also are quite frank to publish statements that in a general relativistic system, conservation laws do not apply (54).
In numerous previous papers and books, the present authour has presented extensive evidence of the Soviet weaponization of electrogravitation and hence of a unified field theory (55).
Impact on Science and Humanity
Thus a great irony now is evident in Western science. More than 120 years ago, Maxwell wrote the first paper in his unified field theory of electrogravitation. Had Western scientists and mathematicians given greater attention to Maxwell's quaternion theory, by 1900 we should have been developing antigravity propulsion systems and interplanetary exploration vehicles.
Certainly humankind could have been lifted to much greater heights than where we are today. And along the way, we just might have avoided two great and bloody World Wars and a host of smaller ones.
In the modern geometrodynamic view, all forces are considered to arise from, and be rooted in, the curvature of space-time - in gravitation. If the curvature of space-time itself can easily be engineered and controlled by electromagnetic means, the extensive application of our present advanced state of electromagnetic development and devices can lead to control of the world of physical reality on a scale heretofore only dreamt of in the minds of our greatest visionaries.
Consider such a vision by Albert Einstein: Quoting:
"It would of course be a great step forward if we succeeded in combining the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field into a single structure. Only so could the era in theoretical physics inaugurated by Faraday and Clerk Maxwell be brought to a satisfactory close."
With the mastery of electrogravitation and the control of physical reality itself in our grasp, the freeing of humankind from want, misery, and poverty would directly follow. The impact on mankind's development would be almost beyond present human conception. Consider this vision from Teilhard de Chardin of the mastery of physical reality and the elimination of man's inhumanity to his fellow man:
"Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the waves, the tides and gravity, we shall harness for God the energies of love. Then for the second time in the history of the world man will have discovered fire."
Like Prometheus of old, in his quaternion EM theory James Clerk Maxwell produced a blazing coal of fire, literally taking the fire of gravitation from Olympus and giving it to human beings. Uncomprehending, scientists heaped ashes over the fiercely glowing coal, and only warmed themselves with the tiny trickle of electromagnetic heat that escaped the dampening ashes. For over a hundred years, the fiery coal has been quietly lying there, buried under the ashes, still glowing brightly.
It is time to be bold. For the enrichment of all mankind, let us uncover Maxwell's long-dormant fiery coal and fan into full bloom the Promethean flame of power that lies sleeping within.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. James Clerk Maxwell was born on June 13, 1831 in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1847 he entered the University of Edinburgh, then transferred to Cambridge in the fall of 1850. After graduation, he stayed on at Cambridge in a research position. He was elected a Fellow of Trinity College and placed on the staff of college lecturers. In 1856 he returned to Scotland, where he took up a Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marshall College, Aberdeen. In autumn, 1860 he took a new position as Chair and Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy at King's College, London (a position he held to 1865, at which time he resigned).
Maxwell was economically independent. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1861, while at King's College. From 1865 to 1871 he resided at his ancestral Scottish country home, Glenlair, developing his major ideas into book form.
Maxwell returned to Cambridge in 1871, where he became the first holder of the Cavendish Chair of Experimental Physics. There he also supervised the construction and operation of Cavendish Laboratory. His treatise on electromagnetism appeared in 1873. He held his position at Cambridge until he died on Nov. 5, 1879, at age 48, of a form of stomach cancer - the same ailment that had killed his mother when he was a child.
2. His famous treatise was J.C. Maxwell, "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism", Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873. For an elegant and readable account of Maxwell's life and achievements, see I. Tolstoy, "James Clerk Maxwell: A Biography", Canongate, Edinburgh, 1981. Maxwell's compact and powerful quaternionic expression of the general equations of the electromagnetic field are given in Article 619, Vol. 2, p. 258 of his Treatise. See also H. J. Josephs, 'the Heaviside papers found at Paignton in 1957", "Electromagnetic Theory by Oliver Heaviside", including an account of Heaviside's unpublished notes for a fourth volume, and with a foreword by Sir Edmund Whittaker, Vol. III, Third Edition, Chelsea Publishing Co., New York, 1971, p. 660. Just how much more powerful was Maxwell's quaternionic expression of EM theory than was Heaviside's vector interpretation, was succinctly expressed by Josephs: "Hamilton's algebra of quaternions, unlike Heaviside's algebra of vectors, is not a mere abbreviated mode of expressing Cartesian analysis, but is an independent branch of mathematics with its own special rules of operation and its own special theorems. A quaternion is, in fact, a generalized or hypercomplex number... " (Josephs, ibid., p. 660)
3. The prevailing view in physics - and in most physics textbooks - is that Faraday - himself uneducated and woefully ill-prepared mathematically discovered and formulated the concept of "lines of force", or field lines; and that Maxwell, his mathematical interpreter, then tinkered together the equations to explain electromagnetic radiation on the basis of Faraday's field concepts. However, there certainly can be serious ground for contesting this simplified view. As White states, ''The mathematics which Maxwell used to develop Faraday's results came out of a body of work which had as its implicit subject unified field theory. Leonhard Euler, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, and Karl Friedrich Gauss prepared these mathematical and theoretical foundations, elaborated by Sir William Hamilton, which shaped the positive content of Maxwell's work... As the story goes, Maxwell first elaborated the equations which describe the magnetic effects of an electrical current and the ability of a magnet in motion to induce electricity, and then, by algebraic substitution, came on the wave equations. In fact, James MacCullagh, a collaborator of Sir William Hamilton and Franz Neumann, a collaborator of Gauss, Wilhelm Weber and Bernhard Riemann, produced these same equations between the years 1839 and 1848, at least a decade before Maxwell began his scientific career... Field theory, as it was developed through the work of Euler and Lagrange, elaborated by Gauss, and totally redefined by Riemann, depends upon the concept of potential energy," (Carol White, "Energy Potential: Towards a New Electromagnetic Field Theory", with excerpts from two original works by B. Riemann, Campaigner Publications Inc., New York, 1977, p. 19-20). White gives a critical discussion of the way in which standard textbooks have assigned credit for priorities and conceptual contributions in the foundations of theoretical electromagnetics. Extending Riemann considerations, White focuses strong attention on the potentials and on a new approach to electromagnetics.
There is certainly a great deal wrong with modern EM theory, as is well-known to a small but growing circle of scientists. As Dr. Domina Spencer of the University of Connecticut states, "Since the turn of the century there has been a lot of first class experimental and theoretical work that reveals problems with relativistic electromagnetic theory, but this work has been virtually ignored by the mainstream physicist". Dr. Spencer and her colleagues are embarked on a thorough review of all the experimental work that has been performed on electromagnetic phenomena since Ampere published his first results in 1824. (Note that Soviet scientists did such a review immediately after World War II.)
For more on the subject of what's wrong with the present foundations of EM theory, see particularly Peter Graneau and P.N. Graneau, "Ampere-Neumann Electrodynamics of Metals", Hadronic Press, Nonantum, Massachusetts 1985; P. Graneau and P.N. Graneau, "Electrodynamic Explosions in Liquids", Applied Physics Letters, 46, 1985, p. 468. See also H.E. Puthoff, "Ground State of Hydrogen as a Zero-Point-Fluctuation-Determined State", Physical Review D, 35 (10), May 15, 1987, p. 3266-3269; Puthoff, "Zero-Point Fluctuations of the Vacuum as the Source of Atomic Stability and the Gravitational Interaction", Proceedings of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science International Conference, "Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory", Imperial College, London, Sept. 1988. Also see very important work by Dr. Henry Monteith, referenced elsewhere in this paper. See also Cynthia Kolb Whitney, "Electromagnetic Fields Near Dynamic Systems of Charged Particles", Hardonic Journal, 10, 1987, p. 299-301; Whitney, "Field-to-matter Energy Transfer", "Manifest Covariance in Relativistic Potential Theory", Physics Essays, 1 (1), 1988, p. 15-17; Whitney, "Generalized Functions in Relativistic Potential Theory", Hadronic Journal, 10, 1987, p. 91-93. For a lay description of some of the exciting work and problems of foundations of electromagnetic theory, see articles by Chappell Brown in Electronic Engineering Times: "Anomalies in Electromagnetic Law Spur Debate", Sept. 14, 1987; "Railgun Research Shoots Holes in Lorentz's Theory", Apr. 6 1987; "Electrons and Conduction: Not So Simple After All", Dec. 28, 1987. Finally, it is hoped that this present paper will help shed at least a little light on the subject.
4. J.C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1873.
5. For confirmation that the Heaviside equations - which presently are erroneously called "Maxwell's equations" - are not to be found anywhere in any of Maxwell's books or papers, see Josephs, ibid., p. 647. See also Sir Edmund Whittaker, "Oliver Heaviside", Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society, 20, 1928-1929, p. 202. See also Paul J. Nahin, "Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude", IEEE Press, New York, 1988, p. 9, note 3. Today - ironically - most engineers and scientists who study and utilize "Maxwell's equations" have examined neither Maxwell's original work nor the theory of quaternions.
6. Oliver Heaviside was born in poverty on May 18, 1850 in Camden Town, the youngest of four children. Young Heaviside was forced to drop out of high school and go to work. His aunt, however, had married well, to Professor Wheatstone of King's College, London - who was later to become Sir Charles Wheatstone, F.R.S. By his uncle's influence, Heaviside was appointed to a telegrapher's position at Newcastle in 1868. Gradually, he began to theoretically attack the problems in telegraphy, but was forced by increasing deafness to resign in 1874 and return to live with his parents in London.
Heaviside never possessed a formal university degree, but was much later in the early 20th century - to be awarded an honorary doctorate.
Studying mathematics on his own, Heaviside had begun to write improvements for telegraphy, and in 1873 began using calculus. He also studied differential equations and made regular contributions to the Telegraphic Journal, the English Mechanic, and the Philosophical Magazine, with seven papers by 1874.
Heaviside was astounded by Maxwell's "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism", published in 1873, and Maxwell became his undying hero. Heaviside mastered the manuscript in two years - something few men have done to this day.
With the invention of the telephone in 1877, Heaviside began also to study telephonic transmission. Then Maxwell died in 1879. In 1885-87 Heaviside published in the Electrician a series of articles under the title "Electromagnetic Induction and Propagation", where for the first time he gave a clear and modern vector exposition of Maxwell's theory. Heaviside was violently opposed to the potentials, however, remarking that they were "metaphysical" and that it was even "best to murder the lot". He focused strongly on the EM force fields as the primary EM causative entities. This attitude was to spread and condition generations of electrical scientists -that the EM potentials were only mathematical conveniences.
Though self-educated, Heaviside was a true genius. He also developed the energy flow in the EM field, developed the skin effect, speculated analytically on faster-than-light charged particles, discovered the theory of distortionless signal transmission, and articulated the concept of inductively loaded circuits including self-induction. He had difficulty in getting his papers accepted for publication, since he made use of unusual methods of his own in solving problems. But in 1892 his collected papers were published in two volumes under the title of "Electrical Papers". Later his "Electromagnetic Theory" also dealt with a number of important problems.
Heaviside, followed by Gibbs, attacked the quaternionist expression of Maxwell's theory, though he held the highest regard for Maxwell himself. By 1892-3 the controversy between the multiplying vectorists and the few remaining quaternionists exploded into a duel to the death, and the vectorists quickly won. Interest in quaternions then dropped sharply, and vector EM theory in accordance with Heaviside's interpretation came to be universally accepted.
Heaviside also had his bitter opponents, and even his EM theory was very slow in being accepted by the mathematical physicists, many of whom snobbishly considered Heaviside crude and uneducated. In his writings Heaviside himself often subtly railed at the rigour demanded by the mathematicians, and sometimes essentially used brute force to get the correct results even though mathematical rigor suffered.
Heaviside made major improvements in electrical transmission theory, propagation theory, and advanced the operational calculus to study transients. In "Electromagnetic Theory" (1893-1912), he postulated that the mass of an electric charge would increase as its velocity increased, anticipating one aspect of special relativity. In 1902, he predicted the ionosphere and the Earth-ionospheric duct. Eventually he was awarded an honorary doctorate and was once considered for the Nobel Prize.
Heaviside, ever the outcast and apart from his peers, died in a nursing home at Torquay on Feb. 3, 1925.
7. It is little known that, in his later years, Heaviside may again have turned to quaternion operations, and even developed a "unified" theory of electromagnetics and gravity. These papers were never published, but were reported found in 1957 where Heaviside had lived for some years (some electrical scientists, however, continue to dispute the authenticity of the papers). Little or no adequate review of this unified theory has been made, though several writers have not hesitated to express judgements pro and con as to its authenticity, its promise, or its usefulness (e.g., see Josephs, ibid.; H. J. Josephs, "History Under the Floorboards", Journal of the IEE 5, Jan. 1959, pp. 26-30; H.J. Josephs, "Postscript to the Work of Heaviside", Journal of the IEE 9, Sept. 1963, p. 511-512; B.R. Gossick, "Heaviside's 'Posthumous Papers"', Proceedings of the IEE 121, Nov. 1974, p. 1444-1446; Paul J. Nahin, "Oliver Heaviside: Sage in Solitude", IEEE Press, 1988, p. 305-307).
My own comment is that this (purportedly Heaviside's) unified theory should be examined experimentally, not just mathematically, to ascertain whether or not it works. Certainly Heaviside had long considered localization of energy: e.g., in 1893 ("Electromagnetic Theory", p. 455), he wrote: "To form any notion at all of the flux of gravitational energy, we must first localize the energy... whether this notion will turn out to be a useful one is a matter for subsequent discovery". At least he understood the requirement for a local change in the energy density of the medium by electromagnetic means.
Ironically, then, the man who almost single-handedly "slew" Quaternions and Maxwell's quaternion theory, may eventually have returned to them to try to capture the elusive gravity, which - by the present authour's thesis - inadvertently he had discarded earlier when he struck down the scalar component of the quaternion and converted it to a vector.
8. J.C. Maxwell, "A Dyamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 155, 1865, p. 459512. (Presented in 1864).
9. For an excellent discussion of the Development of Vector Analysis, see M.J. Crowe, "A History of Vector Analysis: The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectoral System ", University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 1967.
10. IN 1835, Sir William Rowan Hamilton's memoir, "On a General Method in Dynamics", was published, expressing the equations of motion in a canonical form that captured the duality between the components of momentum and the coordinates. The deep significance of this duality was not fully appreciated until the rise of quantum mechanics nearly 100 years later. In 1843, Hamilton discovered quaternions, though his investigations in algebra had begun 10 years earlier. In 1853, his "Lectures on Quaternions" - a most difficult and awkward book - appeared. Hamilton spent the remaining 22 years of his life developing the algebra of Quaternions and its applications. His quaternion work was published posthumously in 1866 as "The Elements of Quaternions". The mantle for "quaternion champion" then passed to Professor Peter Guthrie Tait, who had patiently delayed publication of his own book on quaternion theory until after the book of Hamilton, his mentor, was published. See P.G. Tait, "An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions", Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1875.
11. Hamilton's quaternion algebra was a landmark; for the first time, it freed algebra from the commutative postulate of multiplication.
12. See Paul J. Nahin, ibid., p. 100-101. See also Freeman Dyson, "The Maxwell Equations", in M.S. Berger, "J. C. Maxwell, The Sesquicentennial Symposium, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984, p. 17-22. Quoting:
“... the mathematicians of the nineteenth century failed miserably to grasp the great opportunity offered to them in 1865 by Maxwell. If they had taken Maxwell's equations to heart as Euler took Newton's, they would have discovered, among other things, Einstein's theory of special relativity, the theory of topological groups and their linear representations, and probably large pieces of the theory of hyperbolic differential equations and functional analysis. A great part of twentieth century physics and mathematics could have been created in the nineteenth century, simply by exploring to the end the mathematical concepts to which Maxwell's equations naturally lead."
13. Heinrich Hertz discovered (proved) the existence of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves in 1888, almost a decade after Maxwell's untimely death.
14. In 1880 Hertz received his doctorate from the University of Berlin, where he had studied under the renowned physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. He began serious study of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1883. While professor of physics at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic, between 1885 and 1889, he produced electromagnetic waves in the laboratory, just as predicted by Maxwell. In his lab, he was able to measure the wavelength and velocity of these waves, and he showed that their susceptibility to refraction and reflection was the same as that of light and heat waves. This established that light and heat are electromagnetic waves, which until then was only an unproved theory. With experimental confirmation by Hertz, Maxwell's theory especially as interpreted in a much simpler vector form by Oliver Heaviside and Hertz - became predominant.
15. See Roger Penrose, "Integrals for General-Relativistic Sources: A Development From Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory", M.S. Berger, ibid., pp. 211-243. Quoting:
'With the notable exception of Faraday before him, no other major physicist of his day had apparently regarded the concept of 'field' as anything more than a convenient mathematical auxiliary to the prevailing point-particle-action-at-a-distance view of physical reality. The idea that 'disembodied fields' can propagate through empty space carrying energy as they go, was as startling and revolutionary an idea at the time as radio is commonplace to us today."
16. Maxwell had a distinguished academic background. He received a mathematics degree from Trinity College in 1854, became Professor of Natural Philosophy at Marshall College, Aberdeen, Scotland in 1856, and in 1860 was appointed to King's College in London. After a short retirement, he became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge.
17. See note 12 above with respect to the delay in physics occasioned by the leading mathematicians of Maxwell's day ignoring the impact of Maxwell's theory. For another cogent argument about what might have been discovered much earlier in physics if quaternions had not also been cast aside, see James D. Edmonds, Jr., "Quaternion Quantum Theory: New Physics or Number Mysticism?", American Journal of Physics, 42 (3), Mar. 1974, p. 220-223. For yet another argument about what quaternions might have had to say about gravitation and a unified field theory, see this present paper.
18. Of course there were exceptions, but most engineers of the day were little skilled in mathematics. Electrical theory, instruction, and knowledge was particularly primitive. Most electrical engineers desperately needed something as simple as possible, to solve their signaling and power transmission problems. Even many eminent electrical scientists, such as J.J. Thompson, themselves never quite grasped what Maxwell's theory was all about. Also, the prevailing electrodynamics theories of the time were action-at-a-distance models, such as those of Karl Friedrich Gauss and later by Wilhelm Weber. The mathematicians of Maxwell's time had developed a taste for quite different directions of endeavour, and those who had themselves lost touch with physics could not assess the merits of Maxwell's theory (see Dyson, ibid., p.21). Maxwell's own presentations were obtuse and difficult; since he used a mechanical model of the ether, his presentations were filled with clunking gears, ratchets, and distracting machinery - sufficient to route all but the hardiest theorists. Until Hertz proved Maxwell's EM waves in 1888, (over 20 years after Maxwell began publishing his theory), most scientists felt very constrained by the action-at-a-distance competition to Maxwell's theory.
19. Oliver Heaviside's clear and simplified vector exposition of Maxwell's theory began to be published in The Electrician. With Maxwell's untimely death, Heaviside became his tireless successor and unyielding advocate, though other brilliant scientists such as Gibbs, Hertz and Lorentz also made great contributions.
20. In "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism", Maxwell did not develop the analytical consequences of the energy concept. Instead, his paper is filled with descriptions of early Victorian ideas about the nature of electrical energy, expressed in a maze of symbols representing quaternion formulations of scalar and vector potential functions, etc. As a result, engineers of the day found Maxwell's chapter on the general equations of EM field theory quite unreadable.
Even years later in the 1880's, it was still almost impossible to find a teacher who comprehended Maxwell's electrodynamics. Michael Pupin, for example, travelled from the US to England in vain, seeking such a professor. Finally, in Berlin he found one Helmholtz - who was able to teach him Maxwell's theory (See Dyson, ibid., p.21).
21. In 1892, Heaviside's series of papers in The Electrician and elsewhere were published as his "Electrical Papers", MacMillan and Co., in two volumes. Much later, this book provided a basis for his "Electromagnetic Theory", The Electrician Publishing Co., London and New York, 1922. The second edition with an introduction by E. Weber was published at New York in 1950. The third edition with a foreword by Sir Edmund Whittaker was published by Chelsea Publishing Company, New York, 1971.
22. Heaviside railed at the elusive idea of the potential, and focused electromagnetics upon the force fields, as did Hertz and Gibbs. Scientists and the literature were strongly indoctrinated with the dogma that the potentials were only mathematical conveniences. (Before one censors Heaviside, Gibbs and Hertz too strenuously for their shortsightedness, one should recall that, classically, forces and force fields - not energy - had been uppermost in scientific theory.)
It was not until 1959 that scientists were goaded once again into facing the unpleasant fact that the potentials were the primary reality and the translation force fields were simply made from them by operations. See Y. Aharanov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory", "Physical Review", Second Series, 115 (3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 485-491.
Even so, this latter view was still not fully accepted until the mid-1980's, and it is only recently that the potentials - so beloved and emphasized by Maxwell himself - are once again accepted as the heart and soul of electromagnetics. See Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in Normal-Metal Rings Exhibit Aharonov-Bohm Effect", Physics Today, 39 (1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20 for confirmation that the AB effect has been proven to the satisfaction of all but the most diehard skeptics.
Even so, the primacy of the potentials is still fully accepted only by a handful of scientists. See S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes", Reviews of Modern Physics 57 (2), April 1985 for an exhaustive discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (which proves the physical reality and primacy of the potential) and an extensive list of references.
23. Particularly in his earlier papers in The Electrician, and in his "Electrical Papers" in 1892.
24. In addition to being an excellent experimentalist, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) was also a noted theorist - and one who also died at an untimely early age. Hertz also made a theoretical reformulation of Maxwell's theory, removing the potentials and focusing on the force fields, as did Heaviside. In his "Electrical Waves", (see Dover, New York, 1962, p. 196- 197; first published in English in 1893), Hertz stated:
"... I have been led to endeavour for some time past to sift Maxwell's formulae and to separate their essential significance from the particular form in which they first happened to appear. The results at which I have arrived are set forth in the present paper. Mr. Oliver Heaviside has been working in the same direction ever since 1885. From Maxwell's equations he removes the same symbols (the potentials) as myself; and the simplest form which these equations thereby attain is essentially the same as that (at) which I arrive. In this respect, then, Mr. Heaviside has the priority... "
25. For Tait's quaternion theory, see P.G. Tait, "An Elementary Treatise on Quaternions", Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1875, 1st edition.
26. For details of the long struggle Heaviside had with his adversary Tait, see "The Great Quaternionic War", Nahin, ibid., p. 187-215. See also M. J. Crowe, "A History of Vector Analysis", University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1967, passim. See also A.M. Bork, "Vectors Versus Quaternions - The Letters in Nature", American Journal of Physics, 34, Mar. 1966, p. 202-211.
27. With the availability of excellent and extensive expositions of the vector interpretation of the translation force-field subset of Maxwell's theory by Heaviside and Hertz, and with the nearly insurmountable difficulty associated with the complex quaternions and potentials which few scientists understood, the rejection of the quaternionic form of Maxwell's theory and the acceptance of the vector subset was inevitable.
28. Again recall that even Heaviside, the mighty mouse of a man who, together with Gibbs slew quaternions, much later may have again turned to quaternions to grapple with the elusive gravity.
To deal with curved space-time, one must deal with potentials, for - in a strict sense - a potential is a curvature of space-time. It is also a trapped spatio-temporal stress, the nature of the stress being determined by the nature of the stressing fields comprising the potential. The stress may be either compressive or tensile, and may contain a complex infolded structure of infinite variability. Gravity is not determined by force fields (the escape of curvature of space-time), but by potentials (the stabilized presence of curvature of space-time).
In addition, one runs headlong into the need for negative energy and negative time. For example, if two like charges are brought together, energy is required to overcome the repulsion, and this energy "goes into the field" to give a positive energy density of space. Two masses, however, attract each other; it takes the exertion of energy to keep them apart - or, in other words, the field energy is negative in this case. Maxwell was much perplexed by this problem, as was Heaviside - and as has been most other physicists who struggled with it, down to and including the physicists of today.
Actually, if we accept the negative field energy requirement, we
can expect to meet negative energy when time is reversed, since the fundamental
quantum (photon) is composed of (
)(
) and the time-reversed quantum (anti-photon) is composed
of (-
)(-
).
Therefore the main involvement of gravitation should be with a time-reversed
region - such as the positively charged (time-reversed) atomic nucleus - and it
is.
As early as 1898 Carl Barus - in a paper titled "A Curious Inversion in the Wave Mechanism of the Electromagnetic Theory of Light", American Journal of Science 5 (Fourth Series), May 1898, p. 343348 - showed an interpretation of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave equations that could "make the wave run backward". His paper was ignored, but it may have been the first indication of what today in nonlinear phase conjugate optics is known as the time-reversed EM wave.
In the early 1970's Western scientists discovered a strange thing in the open Soviet literature: the production of a time-reversed (TR) wave in nonlinear optics. Indeed, such a wave is a solution to the wave equation, and so the solution applies to all manner of waves (it has been accomplished, for example, with sound waves).
Time-reversed EM waves were controversial at first, since many physicists (even today!) naively equate time reversal with the science fiction notion of "traveling backwards in time". It is nothing of the sort, of course. For an object to travel backwards in time, the entire universe sans the object would have to be time-reversed to a previous state, so that the "present object" is seen as being present in a "past state of the universe". Time-reversing a single wave means that only the single wave is seen by the external observer to be affected by the reversal process. He sees (in his own forward time) a successive series of spatial positions of the reversing wave. He sees the rest of the universe moving forward in time in a normal fashion.
Since time is not observable, we simply see such a TR wave, not as time-reversed, but as spatially-reversed. (We see a time-reversed particle as both spatially-reversed and charge-reversed.) Though much is still unsure about time reversal, it is legitimate and has been in physics for decades. (See Robert G. Sachs, "The Physics of Time Reversal", University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987, for a broad and comprehensive coverage of the role of time-reversal in physics, and its clear distinctions from space reversal and velocity reversal. For an excellent introduction to the nonlinear optics time-reversed EM wave, see David M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation", Optical Engineering, 21 (2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 156-183.)
So today we are aware that a time-reversed EM wave can readily
be produced. The present author has already pointed out that an EM wave carries
both energy and time, and that a time-reversed EM wave has both its energy and
time content reversed in sign. Such a TR wave carries negative energy and
negative time. So a normal (forward-time) photon must be considered as comprised
of (+)(+
),
while an anti-photon (time-reversed photon) must be considered by the external
observer as comprised of (-
)(-
). (See Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics" in: "AIDS:
Biological Warfare", Tesla Book Co., Greenville, Texas 1988, p.74-203.) For
important involvement of negative time/negative energy in the nucleus, see C.W.
Rietdijk, "How Do 'Virtual' Photons and Mesons Transmit Forces Between Charged
Particles and Nucleons?", Foundations of Physics, 7 (5-6), June 1977, p.
351-374. As early as 1973, the present authour pointed out the involvement of
negative time in mass; see Bearden, "Quiton/Perception Physics: A Theory of
Existence, Perception and Physical Phenomena", NTIS, AD 763210, 1973. For a
beautiful consideration of negative energy in a theory of gravitation, see
Frederick E. Alzofon, "Antigravity With Present Technology: Implementation and
Theoretical Foundation", in AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 17th,
Colorado Springs, Colorado, July 27-29, 1981, New York: American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics Report Number AIAA-81 - 1608, 1981.
In an atom, normally photons are emitted by radiation from negative charges, while anti-photons are emitted by radiation from positive charges - such as the positively charged nucleus of an atom.
EM mixing stress and time reversal can be utilized to create an amplified time-reversed replica of a small input signal wave. When EM wave mixing stress is rhythmically applied to the atom, a scalar EM stress wave system is formed with zero E and B vector resultants. This wave passes through the electron shells and pumps the nucleus to an excited state. Input of another EM wave to the atom modulates the scalar pump wave, in turn modulating the pumping of the nucleus and accomplishing 4-wave mixing. The time-reversed (positively-charged) nucleus acts as a pumped phase conjugate mirror and emits a phase conjugate (time-reversed) EM wave, which travels out of the nucleus as a modulation upon the scalar pump wave "bridge to the outside".
As is well-known in four-wave mixing, the emission of a phase conjugate replica does not change the momentum of the mirror; i.e., it does not cause recoil. When it strikes another stressed atom, however, it modulates the stressing scalar waves and penetrates into the nucleus, where it is absorbed. Absorption of the negative energy/negative time wave in the nucleus does cause recoil negatively! Thus all atomic nuclei are continually being drawn to each other by negative recoil from four-wave mixing reactions. This is the genesis of gravity.
Of course, since time is not observable, we do not observe reversed time - we do not at all see any sort of "travel into the past", as explained previously. In a universe moving in positive time, we will simply see the time-reversed wave as spatially reversed - since time itself is not observable - and exhibiting very peculiar behaviour and negentropy by proceeding from disorder back to order. We will also see such a TR wave converging upon its path rather than diverging which characteristic itself is a move from disorder to order, and negentropic.
As can be seen, when we include TR waves, the second law of thermodynamics (which assumes only positive-time EM energy) must be reversed, so that it becomes the law of negentropy. This present second law is only half the case; addition of the law of negentropy completes the other half of it.
Note also that random time-reversed EM waves (time-reversed "heat") when added to normal heat, cools the region (reduces the algebraic size of the positive heat). It reduces the disorder of the region by multi-photon (multi-wave) mixing. Electrostatic cooling should be reexamined in light of this characteristic union of disordering and ordering.
29. The negative energy solutions and potentials of quaternion theory are particularly interesting, though they have been little pursued by theorists. It is also to be highly regretted that very early work on "reversed EM waves", such as the paper by Barus, ibid., was not vigourously followed up at the time.
30. As will be seen, the scalar component of the quaternion can infold and capture the stress energy of a zero-translation-resultant electromagnetic stress system, which constitutes the capture of an electrogravitational potential. Regular periodic oscillations (in magnitude, relative components, phase, etc.) of this potential constitute powerful standing gravitational waves of local curvature in space-time. Direct and significant local general relativity (GR) then exists in the laboratory, and direct GR experiments may readily be conducted.
31. In Heaviside EM theory, we are taught to discard zero translation resultant electromagnetic stresses. We are taught to discard those aspects of EM that: (1) form gravitational and inertial effects, and (2) are capable of directly reaching and engineering the atomic nucleus in a controlled fashion. Consequently, our present crude "engineering" of the nucleus is largely restricted to introducing a whole neutral particle or violently striking the atom with a speeding particle "hammer". With scalar EM we should be able to tune, change and control the nucleus like fine-tuning a precision watch.
32. See also James D. Edmonds Jr., "Quaternion Quantum Theory: New Physics or Number Mysticism?", American Journal of Physics, 42 (3), Mar. 1974, p. 220-223. See also his paper, "Maxwell's Eight Equations As One Quaternion Equation", American Journal of Physics, 46, Apr. 1978, p. 430-431.
33. See also Dyson, ibid. and Josephs, ibid. Also, Dr. Henry Monteith of Sandia National Laboratories has independently discovered that Maxwell's quaternion theory contained a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetics. See Monteith, "Dynamic Gravity and Electromagnetic Processes: Parts I and II", July 1988. See also Monteith, "Visualization and Duality in Mathematical Physics", Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, April 15, 1986. Monteith has extended quaternion theory to include the hyperbolic quaternion, and has shown that his extended theory contains both spinor and twistor theory as subsets, and is a full theory of anisotropic space-time. Presently, he is preparing a major book on this subject, and he may very well be the scientist who writes the great new unified EM-G field theory so long sought by physicists.
34. See papers by T.E. Bearden, published by the Tesla Book Co., POB 1469, Greenville, Texas: "Comments on the New Tesla Electromagnetics: Part 1: Discrepancies in Present EM Theory", 1982; "Part III: Clarifying the Vector Concept", 1983; Part IV: "Vectors and Mechanisms Clarified", 1983; "Solutions to Tesla's Secrets and the Soviet Tesla Weapons", 1981; "Soviet Weather Engineering Over North America", 1-hr. videotape, 1985; "Star Wars Now! The Bohm - Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization", 1984; "Far-de-Lance: A Briefing on Soviet Scalar Electromagnetic Weapons", 1986; Chapter 4: "Extraordinary Physics" in "AIDS: Biological Warfare", 1988, p. 74-203. See also Bearden, "Tesla's Electromagnetics and Its Soviet Weaponization", Proc. 1984 Tesla Centennial Symp., International Tesla Society, Colorado Springs, Colorado 1984; Bearden, "Soviet Phase Conjugate Weapons: Weapons That Use Time-Reversed Electromagnetic Waves", Bulletin, Committee to Restore the Constitution, POB 986, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80522, Jan. 1988.
35. Of interest in EM theory is the appearance of closed circuital fluxes of EM energy in a region, which has bothered a very great number of physicists and electrical engineers including Maxwell and Heaviside. Heaviside's derivation of the Pointing vector with a vector G term describing these "close-loop energy traps" was published in The Electrician on Feb. 21, 1885. Heaviside wrestled with this G-vector, but dismissed it as an unnecessary and useless introduction of an auxiliary circuital flux. Actually, such a trapped closed-loop energy flow constitutes a special kind of dynamic structure internal to an electromagnetic potential, in the view of the present author. Further, since this EM potential has a definite deterministic pattern and structure, it may be regarded as an artificial potential, in contradiction to a normal potential with a random energy flux structure. If this view is correct, then Heaviside (and other electrical physicists, subsequently) may again have discarded one part of electrogravitation - because, after all, in modern general relativity, gravitation primarily consists of a number of potentials, trapped energy density of vacuum constitutes a curvature of space-time, and closed circuital fluxes of EM energy represent dynamic internal energy-density structures.
Such closed loop energy flows actually exist and are definitely real.
For example, the Earth's atmosphere experiences 
-field lines pointing radially downward, and magnetic
field lines directed from the Magnetic North Pole to the South Pole. The
expression gives a perpetual energy flow from
East to West, in closed circle loops, even G = 0. H. Skilling ("Fundamentals of
Electric Waves", John Wiley, New York, 1948, p. 132) called the idea that such
loops have physical significance "absurd". Richard Feynman ("Lectures On
Physics", Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts 1964, p. 17-5 to 17-6
and 27-11) showed that such an energy flow is required by the conservation of
angular momentum. It has also been shown for the Earth (E.M. Pugh and G.E. Pugh,
"Physical Significance of the Pointing Vector in Static Fields", American
Journal of Physics 35, Feb. 1967, p.153-156) that Feynman's thought experiment
is quantitatively correct.
36. E.T. Whittaker, "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons By Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions", Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Series 2, Volume 1, 1903, p. 367-372.
37. Even today it is still in vogue in physics and electrical engineering. Specifically, engineers almost never try to design equipment that utilizes potentials in the absence of the force fields. There are a few notable exceptions, of course. The author and Frank Golden did work in the 1970's with "free A-field" equipment developed by Golden, and Dr. William Tiller did important theoretical work in curl-free vector potentials (free A-field). See his US Patent No. 4,447,779, "Apparatus and Method For Determination of a Receiving Device Relative to a Transmitting Device Utilizing a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field", fan. 31, 1981; US Patent No. 4,429,280, "Apparatus and Method For Demodulation of a Modulated Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential", fan. 31, 1984; US Patent No. 4,432,098, "Apparatus and Method For Transfer of Information By Means of a Curl-Free Magnetic Vector Potential Field", Feb. 14, 1984. For an exhaustive discussion of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (which establishes the reality and primacy of the potentials), see S. Olariu, "The Quantum Effects of Electromagnetic Fluxes", Reviews of Modern Physics, 57 (2), Apr. 1985, p. 339.
38. Indeed, so far as is known to the present author, there is still not a single EM textbook that even recognizes and addresses the issue of whether or not a zero-resultant force vector system can be exclusively equated to - and totally replaced by - a zero translation vector resultant. The reason may be that, unconsciously, physicists have wished to avoid the incredible implications of infolded and inwardly structured EM energy (as perhaps witnessed by the rather short shift given to David Bohm's fundamental and revolutionary "hidden variable" theory of quantum mechanics). Not only does one face the implications of the internal structuring of EM energy, but one also faces the implications of curving local space-time (violating Einstein's general relativity) and deterministically substructuring that curvature of space-time, vacuum potentials, and the very vacuum itself.
This profoundly affects one of the fundamental assumptions of quantum mechanics: that the nature of quantum change is totally statistical. With internally structured potentials and direct control and manipulation of "hidden variables", one can engineer quantum change itself, even before collapse of the wave function. That is, one can speak of engineering physical reality itself.
Indeed, one would now be dealing with physics on a notion of the "information content" of hidden physical processes, where the hidden informational content of interacting energies can produce startling and unusual phenomenology, including violation of all present macroscopic conservation and exclusion laws. Very strange effects are already known in quantum mechanics, which conceivably may be due to the interaction of such infolded information structures. For example, one can sometimes even influence or decide the outcome of at least one type of experimental interaction after it has apparently already happened. In the two-slit experiment, one can wait until after the interactions with the electron are completed, and still select whether the electron will exhibit a classical particle or a quantum interference (wave) nature in the interaction. See, for example, John Archibald Wheeler, "The 'Past' and the 'Delayed-Choice' Double-Slit Experiment", in A.R. Marlow, ea., "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Theory", Academic Press, N.Y., 1978.
Soviet scientists have particularly focused on the infolded structure of electromagnetic waves, referring to this structure as the "information content" of the fields. They have intensely applied this approach to the study of biological systems; for example, see N.D. Devyatkov and M.B. Golant, "Prospects for the use of millimeter-range electromagnetic radiation as a highly informative instrument for studying specific processes in living organisms", Soviet Technical Physics Letters, 12 (3), Mar. 1986, p. 118-119; See also N.D. Devyatkov (ed.), Applications of low-intensity millimeter-wave radiation in biology and medicine (in Russian), IRE Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moscow 1985. Further, each type of cellular disease has its particular EM radiation structure; it has been shown that the EM radiation structure (the EM information) emitted by diseased cells are capable of inducing that same disease physiology and symptomology in distant cells. See Vlail Kaznacheyev, "Electromagnetic bioinformation in intercellular interactions", PSI Research, 1(1), Mar. 1982, p.47-76. It follows that time-reversing (phase-conjugating) the mitogenetic "disease" information signal could provide a "healing" signal for a specific cellular disease condition (See Bearden, "AIDS: Biological Warfare", 1988 for an extended discussion, and appreciable details of the Priore device which utilized such an approach to demonstrate nearly 100% cures of terminal cancers, leukemias, and other diseases in laboratory animals).
The weapon implications using modulated electromagnetic carriers are obvious, and it is significant that: (1) over-the-horizon (OTH) beams from Soviet giant microwave OTH radars continually intersect over North America, (2) the world's greatest expert in EM induction of cellular disease at a distance V. Kaznacheyev - is associated with two secret institutes in the outskirts of Moscow which produce microwave-directed energy weapons, and (3) extensive health changes have occurred over the decades in personnel in the US Embassy in Moscow, where weak microwave radiation has been beamed against the building since the early 1950's. Actual measured EM field data inside the Embassy reveals a strong correlation between the locations where induced health problems in Embassy personnel occurred, and the locations where the EM force fields from the Soviet microwave radiation were minimal or zero. Note that the areas where EM force fields are absent or minimal represents those areas where the potentials are strongest. The high correlation of disease induction to those specific areas, strongly indicates that the Soviets have deliberately used structured EM potentials in the microwave radiation to induce diseases in Embassy personnel. It is obvious that this has been a continuing test stimulus to see (by US response at the site or lack of it) whether or not we are knowledgeable in scalar EM and in structured EM potential disease induction technology and weapons. Installation of aluminum screens over the windows merely decreased the force field components, not the potentials. Obviously we have continually certified our ignorance of scalar EM.
39. The physical interpretation of the zero vector is interesting. To the external observer, a zero translation vector applied to an object or point merely means the absence of observed translation of that object or point. If, in addition, no infolded finite vector components exist in the zero-vector, then no internal stress due to the zero-vector exists internal to the object or point. If, on the other hand, infolded finite vector components exist in the zero-vector (that is, if it is a zero-vector-resultant system of multiple non-zero translation vectors), then internal stress due to the zero-vector system exists internal to the object or point. In other words, there are two kinds of zero-translation vectors: (1) those that have no infolded internal finite structure, and (2) those that do have an internal, infolded finite structure. One of these zero vectors is stress-free, while the other is a stressing system. The latter class of zero translation vector constitutes a potential, contains a massless charge, and represents a direct curvature of local space-time with a deterministic, infolded structure that affects a surrounding region of space-time.
40. See also R. Chen, "Cancellation of Internal Forces", American Journal of Physics, 49(4), Apr. 1981, p. 372 for a discussion of summation vectors and internal vectors. Internal forces occur in equal and opposite pairs (i.e., as stresses), so they contribute nothing to the sum (i.e. to external translation).
41. Unfortunately Einstein studied the prevalent Heaviside version of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in university. Therefore he studied only a subset, and one in which EM and G are mutually exclusive a priori. Since potential with curvature of space-time, that meant that he would of necessity assume that EM forces did not curve local space-time. After all, EM forces simply radiate away as EM radiation, fleeing at the speed of light. So no EM force was going to be around long enough to warp space-time.
Accordingly, Einstein was left with the weak gravitational force between masses as the only force with which to curve space-time. The mass-attraction G-force is so weak that only adjacent to a stupendous collection of mass - such as the Sun or a star - would there be sufficient space-time curvature to even detect. Einstein reasoned that the observer and the laboratory would never be on the surface of the Sun or at the surface of a star; consequently, he assumed that - where the observer and the laboratory were located - the local frame would be a Lorentz frame and local space-time would never be curved. In other words, Einstein did not write a general theory of curved (anisotropic) space-time at all. Instead, he wrote a severely restricted subset of such a theory. He wrote a sort of special relativity with distant perturbations, where all the "general" relativity occurs at an appreciable distance from the observer, and then only at or near a huge collection of mass.
This had several results (considered advantages by orthodox scientists). (1) it strongly implied that one would never have a direct experimental science of general relativity on the laboratory bench. After all, if the local space-time is uncurved, it means there is no local general relativity. (2) it assumed that it was impossible to utilize the far stronger EM forces (which are some 10exp36 to 10exp42 times as strong as the G-force) to make gravitational potential. And with the denigration of the EM potentials as having no physical reality, Heaviside's force field-oriented EM theory diverted one directly away from considering the constitution of EM potentials as having any relevance to anything physical. (31 it saved the sacrosanct conservation laws, which had been raised to a dogma.
Ironically, after assuming that local space-time was never curved, Einstein spent the rest of his life futilely striving to get electromagnetics back into general relativity fold, to form a unified field theory. He failed - never realizing that it was his own assumption of a locally-uncurved space-time that doomed all his efforts to failure.
In the West, Einstein's severely restricted general relativity has itself become tantamount to dogma, and any challenge to the sacrosanctity of the conservation laws results in immediate alarm. This is not true at all in the Soviet Union, where leading academicians regularly publish papers detailing aspects of an unrestricted general relativity, where local space-time can be curved and where all conservation laws can be violated.
For example, see A.A. Vlasov and V.I. Denisov, "Einstein's formula for gravitational radiation is not a consequence of the general theory of relativity", Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, 53 (3) June 1983 (English translation; Russian publication Dec. 1982), p. 406-418. Quoting: "... in general relativity there are no energy-momentum conservation laws for a system consisting of matter and the gravitational field."
See also V.I. Denisov and A.A. Logunov, "New theory of space-time and gravitation", July 1982, p. 3-76. This paper (p.3) points out that "... the gravitational field in general relativity is completely different from other physical fields and is not a field in the spirit of Faraday and Maxwell.".
A 1984 Soviet paper by senior Russian physicist C. Yu. Bosgoslovsky, "Generalization of Einstein's Relativity Theory for the anisotropic space-time", is also very relevant. See also V.I. Denisov and A.A. Logunov, "The inertial mass defined in General Relativity has no physical meaning", preprint p. 0214, Institute of Nuclear Research, USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, 1981.
For documentation of a near-conspiracy in the West against refutation of Einstein's restricted general relativity, see Ruggero Maria Santilli, "Ethical Probe on Einstein's followers in the U.S.A.: An Insider's View", Alpha Publishing, POB 82, Newtonville, MA 02160, 1984.
The assumed mutual exclusion of EM and G can be theoretically shown to be false. See R.M. Santilli, "Parsons and Gravitation: Some puzzling questions", Annals of Physics, 83 (1), Mar. 1974, p. 108-157. It can also be experimentally proven to be false.
For some years John Hutchison of Vancouver, Canada has performed
experiments where he places a sample (material or object) between two giant
Tesla coils, then violently activates the coils. The two coils provide "strong
bucking EM force fields" into and onto the sample, with many, many frequencies
and randomly varying multi-wave interactions. The irradiation also produces
strong, fluctuating ELF components, in and on the central object. Gravitation in
a mass varies as a function of the magnitude of the 
carried by the interacting pump photons, hence inversely
as the energy and frequency of the pump photons.
When phasing conditions and target internal conditions are just
right, nonlinearities in the central target object act to a certain degree as a
nonlinear medium of sufficient reflectivity to be considered a pumped phase
conjugate mirror (though certainly one of very low efficiency). Under fortuitous
conditions, the object is levitated, since its nuclei are being pumped with an
ELF scalar wave and forced to produce a great deal of excess negative time. In
negative time, masses repel rather than attract; hence the more 
in the photons, the more antigravity produced and built
up in the nucleus.
While Hutchison's experiments are relatively uncontrolled, he has produced verifiable results: for example, a major German laboratory has found alterations in the metal of his sample that are previously unknown, and which cannot be duplicated by any other known procedure. His approach is essentially no cruder than the "get a bigger hammer" approach of high energy physics; he just does not have the facilities, funds, and team of supporting scientists to meticulously instrument his results and stabilize his fields. And he certainly has suffered great derision from orthodox engineers and scientists who do not at all understand the principles utilized in his experiments. Nevertheless, Hutchison is right and all the deriding pundits are wrong.
42. Utilizing the microstructure of the vacuum is something which orthodox scientists have never even tried. For confirmation, see Tsung Dao Lee, "Particle physics and Introduction to Field Theory", Harwood Academic Publishers, N. Y., 1981, Second printing with corrections, 1982, p. 1957.
43. The sine-squared wave is of extraordinary importance. Its characteristics were independently discovered by John Bedini experimentally, as a special means he discovered and utilized to greatly enhance and control EM effects on cells and cellular structures. In a nonlinear medium such as living tissue, an ordinary EM sine-squared wave of appropriate frequency causes generation of its own phase conjugated replica in the body. The two waves are locked together by the modulation effect, and form a sine-squared scalar EM wave which penetrates widely throughout the body, even to the atomic nuclei, with greatly decreased power levels required. By modulating this wave with specific "healing photons" designed for a specific disease, internal EM healing via structured EM potentials (i.e., by the specifically-tailored information content of the EM potentials) can be introduced throughout the body's own "cellular information system". Photobiology, little known in the West, nevertheless has great promise and offers a potential for healing a great many diseases presently impossible or difficult to cure.
44. Along the lines developed in Bearden, "AIDS: Biological Warfare", Tesla Book Co., 1988.
45. For a comprehensive engineering overview of the theory of four-wave mixing, see David M. Pepper, "Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation", Optical Engineering, 21 (2), Mar./Apr. 1982, p. 150-183.
46. For a detailed, cautious overview of time-reversal in physics in general, see Robert C. Sachs, "The Physics of Time Reversal", University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.
47. For a useful discussion of the theory of parametric oscillation, see V.V. Migulin et al, "Basic Theory of Oscillations", Ed. V.V. Migulin, translated from Russian by George Yankovsky, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1983 (revised from the 1978 Russian edition).
48. See Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics", ibid. for a discussion of negative time.
49. A close associate, John Bedini, has accomplished such transmutation of elements in the laboratory in proprietary experiments. Indeed, transmutation can be accomplished by scalar EM means at extremely low power and energy - at levels so weak that living systems can and do accomplish limited transmutation of elements. Louis Kervran was a Nobel nominee in 1977 for proving just that. For example, see his "Biological transmutations", Crosby Lockwood, London, 1972; "Transmutations Biologiques", Libraire Maloine, Paris, 1962; "Transmutations a faible energie (naturelles et biologiques)", Libraire Maloine, Paris, 1972.
50. For an extended discussion, the reader is again referred to Bearden, "Extraordinary Physics" in "AIDS: Biological Warfare", 1988.
51. Maxwell himself was well aware of the importance of EM stress in the medium, though he had apparently not realized that this represented electrogravitational potential. For example, quoting from his "Treatise", Vol. 1 3rd edition, (New York, 1954), p. 10: "There are physical quantities of another kind which are related to directions to space, but which are not vectors. Stresses and strains in solid bodies are examples, and so are some of the properties of bodies considered in the theory of elasticity and in the theory of double refraction. Quantities of this class require for their definition nine numerical specifications. They are expressed in the language of quaternions by linear and vector functions of a vector."
Note that, since Maxwell assumed a material ether, he obviously assumed it to have such stress and strain characteristics, and knew that this situation was captured by the quaternions.
52. Santilli, "Ethical Probe... ", 1984.
53. Denisov and Logunov, "New Theory... ", ibid.; Vlasov and Denisov, ibid., Bosgoslovsky, ibid.
54. Denisov and Logunov, "The Inertial Mass... ", ibid.
55. See the several weapons references by Bearden, previously listed above.
Richard A. Blasband, M.D.
P. O. Box 0870
INVERNESS,
California 94937
United States of America
In 1940, the course of investigations into the nature of the emotions, the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich discovered a heretofore little known cosmic energy that functioned within biological systems as the life energy. Further investigations over the next seven years revealed that this energy, "orgone energy", could be accumulated from the atmosphere, concentrated within an enclosure, and used as a motor force.
In 1937, believing that human emotions were essentially bioelectrical in nature, Reich studied changes in electrical skin potentials on subjects in various states of emotive expression (1). This study confirmed his clinical impression and theoretical concept that in emotional states "something moved" within the organism. This "something", however, while measurable in electrical terms, could not be electricity per se, as the large quantities of feelings felt and expressed by subjects in the study could not be accounted for by the few dozens of millivolts registered on the skin surface. Furthermore the application of electricity to the body was always perceived as alien and disturbing.
In order to further delineate the nature of the "something", Reich studied biological energy sources, foodstuffs, under the microscope. He discovered that all foods, regardless of their nature, when subjected to boiling, broke down into microscopic vesicles that moved from place to place, showed internal pulsation, and had a bluish glimmer in their transparent, liquid content. Reich named the vesicles "bions" (2). Reich then found that inorganic materials such as earth, iron fillings, carbon and sand, when subjected to autoclavation or incandescent heat, would also break down into bions similar in appearance to those obtained from organic substances. Furthermore, when placed in nutrient media, the carbon and sand bions could be cultured.
The bions showed some remarkable properties. These included the ability to immobilize or destroy bacteria, produce a strong inflammatory reaction when placed close to the skin, to ruminate, and to charge rubber with static electricity. The atmosphere in Reich's laboratory in Oslo was always "heavy"; metallic instruments spontaneously became magnetized; photographic plates spontaneously fogged; Reich tanned, even in the winter, and felt unusually strong and well, except for an inflammation of the eyes, that was apparently related to observing the bions through the microscope.
Orgone energy from bions and the atmosphere
Reich was, however, concerned that the cultures might be radiating radioactively. He consulted a radiation specialist, who ruled out radioactivity. Experiments over the following months convinced Reich that the radiation from the bion cultures could not be accounted for by any known conventional form of energy. He was forced to conclude that he was working with a natural force previously unknown to Western science. He named it "orgone energy" because of its ability to be absorbed by organic materials and the fact that his research began with the clinical study of the function of the orgasm in humans.
The orgone energy ruminated in the form of "purple fogs" and fine, lightning-like, whitish sparks. In order to better visualize the rumination Reich placed bion culture dishes inside a metal-lined, wooden box, thinking that the metal would reflect the radiation to the inside of the box, thereby making it more visible, while the wood would prevent the radiation from escaping. Through a glass plate in one side of the box he was, indeed, better able to see the rumination. To his surprise, however, he found the light effects persisted after removal of the cultures and even after thoroughly airing and washing the enclosure. It was then that Reich realized that the orgone energy was everywhere and that in some way the structure of the enclosure made it possible to concentrate the energy from the atmosphere.
Through further experimentation he found that orgone energy was atracted to and repelled from metals and absorbed by non-metallic substances. Therefore, an enclosure consisting of alternating layers of non-metallic and metallic materials with the metal innermost would establish a gradient of energy from the atmosphere to the interior of the enclosure. Most often the materials wed were celotex, rock wool, steel wool and galvanized iron, although one could also use plastic, fiberglass and other metals. (Figure 1).
Aluminum could be used in strictly physical experimentation, but could be toxic in living organisms. Reich later found by objective measurement that a box consisting of six alternating layers of material would concentrate orgone energy eight times what it was in the surrounding atmosphere.
Figure 1. Section of the basic design
of an Orgone accumulator
To = temp above accumulator; Ti = temp within; T = control (room
temp) El = electroscope; 
= direction of
radiation. Size: 1 cubic foot
The interior of the "orgone energy accumulator" as Reich called the enclosure felt warm and tingling even though the inner metal wall felt cold. This subjective impression was objectively confirmed by measuring the temperature within the accumulator. It was always warmer than the ambient air or a suitable control box by several tenths of a degree to up to two degrees Centigrade (3).
Reich knew the tremendous significance of this finding. It was a violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which was considered inviolable by classical physics. The accumulator could raise its own temperature without work being done to do so. A variety of controlled studies by Reich and, in recent years by his students, has confirmed this phenomenon (4,5,6).
Figure 2. "Background, cosmic"
radiation at about 1000 volts.
Another means of objectifying the presence of an anomalous energetic force is the behaviour of a static electroscope placed within the enclosure. The so-called "natural leak" of charge from a statically-charged electroscope is significantly slowed down within the accumulator (7). No known classical electrical process can account for this phenomenon. Reich came to see static electricity as being a common manifestation of orgone energy. The natural leak from the electroscope within the accumulator is slowed because the electroscope discharges into a higher orgone concentration than exists in the outside air.
Slowing of the electroscopic discharge rate and the temperature increase within the accumulator (temperature within the accumulator minus temperature of the ambient air, To - T) parallel each other. Both are dependent on external energetic factors, most significantly the weather, and can be used to forecast coming weather changes.
The genesis of the orgone energy motor
In 1947, following seven years of investigation of the biological and physical properties of orgone energy, Reich acquired a Geiger-Muller field meter in preparation for studying the interaction between orgone energy and radioactivity. At his laboratory in Rangely, Maine, Reich found that the GM counter initially reacted normally, registering the background count caused by natural radioactivity and gamma radiation of cosmic origin. It was, however, unresponsive to proximity to orgone energy accumulating structures. Within a few days, inexplicably, the instrument appeared "dead", being unresponsive to background radiation and even to a small x-ray source.
The device was checked periodically, but remained completely unreactive until about two months later, when on routine check the pointer of the impulse recorder began instantly to rotate at the rate of one full turn per second, a great velocity for this device. This corresponded to about 100 impulses per second, an enormous reaction compared to the normal background count of 15 - 25 counts per minute. On further testing Reich obtained counts of six to eight thousand counts per minute (cpm), yielding 1.15 rotations per second, a continuous rotation of the recorder (8). At that time the highest counts ever obtained with radioactive substances was 3000 cpm with that brand of GM counter. Reich realized that he was witnessing a possible motor force in orgone energy. The orgone energy was, somehow, through the GM counter, being transformed into electromagnetic and mechanical energy. By a detailed functional dissection of the GM effect and the use of special vacuum tubes to intensify the concentration of orgone energy, Reich later found the way to more directly run an electric motor on orgone energy.
Figure 3. Geiger effect of orgone
energy by cpm and voltage increases.
Figure 4. Self-charging capacity of
orgone energy.
Figure 5. Reaction of a control tube
100 feet away from laboratory for one month.
Reich found that the metal outer cylinder of the counter tube of the GM device attracted orgone energy from the atmosphere and that the GM effect could be killed by simply removing the metal cylinder from the glass counting tube. The motor effect reappeared instantly upon replacing the metal cylinder or on putting the naked glass counter tube into an orgone energy accumulator. The effect would diminish before rainstorms and recover after a storm had passed through. This was consistent with earlier observations of temperature and electroscopic changes within the accumulator in varying weather conditions.
These and other observations convinced Reich that the motor effect occurred because the counter tube had "soaked up" orgone energy through constant exposure to the high ambient orgonotic charge in the laboratory. Since the counter tube consists of an inner metal cathode and an outer nonmetallic protective coating the counter tube is essentially an orgone energy accumulator. The orgone energy within the counter tube was then excited to a lightning-like state of pointed rays by the electrical stimulus from the GM device. In this state, orgone energy could be counted by the device. A variety of control experiments demonstrated that the GM motor effect of high cpm could be explained only by the excitation of high concentrations of orgone energy within the counter tube.
Reich obtained a more sophisticated GM counter that permitted varying the voltage to the counter tube. Like the field meter it initially counted only the background radiation, but within three days registered 3600 cpm in bursts and at four weeks showed continuous rotation of the impulse counter, close to 2000 cpm at 1000 volts of excitation.
Figure 2 shows the power of concentrated orgone energy when compared to a radioactive source (radium), and so-called cosmic radiation (9).
Figure 3 shows the non-mechanical, functional qualities of orgone energy by the non-linear changes in cpm with increases in voltage (10).
Figure 4 shows the capacity of orgone energy to charge itself. Counts were made with the GM tube placed within a 1 cm lead and 1/4 cm iron cylinder within a one cubic foot orgone energy accumulator. The GM counter was operating during six consecutive minutes at a steady 950 volts. Note the sharp increase in impulses after 2 minutes without any additional voltage to excite the energy in the counter tube (11).
Figure 5 shows the reaction of a control tube kept 100 feet away from the laboratory for one month. Despite the distance it had soaked up sufficient orgone energy to yield a rotary motor effect by merely being in the energy field of the laboratory (12).
The classical view of the operation of a Geiger-Muller Counter is that radioactivity triggers the gas within the counter tube into an ionized state. The ionization then lowers the resistance to the passage of electricity between a cathode and anode within the tube. A circuit amplifies the electrical flow so that it may be read out and thus register indirectly the quantity of radioactivity passing through the counter tube. In the classical view then, the incident radiation indirectly produces the impulse which activates the recorder. Reich's next task was to determine whether or not this theory held true for the motor phenomenon with which he was working. Or, could it be possible, he asked, that atmospheric orgone energy impulses counted by the GM counter tube, were directly activating the electromagnetic system of the impulse recorder?
To answer this question Reich performed an ingenious series of experiments wherein he functionally dissected the orgone-charged GM system utilizing calibrated electroscopes and a volt-ammeter attached in a variety of ways to the counter tube and GM amplifier. In this way he found that the amount of energy coming from the tube ranged from 100 to 500 electrostatic volts, a tremendous amount of voltage, which could not in no way be accounted for by classical ionization theory. He also found the energy entering the amplifier from the counter tube was different from the energy leaving it, that it was in the process of moving through the amplifier that orgone energy was transformed into electromagnetic energy.
Reich felt that the motor reaction could be improved if he could simplify the whole system by eliminating everything that stood in the way of the direct transformation of orgone energy into a mechanical motor force. His first step was to try an orgone charged, gas-free counter tube in the GM counter. This failed to produce any reaction. But when he used a specially constructed vacuum tube that functioned like an orgone energy accumulator (the "Vacor" tube), he got a powerful reaction. It was constructed with inner parallel aluminum plates, attached to the cathode and anode respectively. The vacuum was 1/2 micron of pressure, sufficient to rule out the presence of any gas.
After soaking in an orgone energy accumulator for several weeks, despite the absence of gas, this tube ruminated a deep blue colour when excited by an orgone-charged plastic rod. With excitation by an electrical tension of 100 to 1000 volts, the ruminating colour in the tube went through changes identical to that seen as the night sky changes to dawn, and then full daylight. It seemed very likely to Reich that dawn and daylight rumination on the planet were a result of excitation from the Sun, triggering changes in the orgone energy field of the Earth (13).
With the hook-up to the GM counter, the Vacor Tube yielded thousands of impulses per second at 350 - 500 volts of tension. This was much higher than the yield from the usual GM counter tube, which required 750 - 1000 volts to trigger 100 - 130 counts per second, at best. Elimination of the high voltage circuit between the Vacor Tube and the impulse counter permitted even higher counts to come through from the tube, up to 20 - 25,000 counts per second. An electroscope measured the tension between two aluminum plates in the Vacor Tube. It was an extremely high 34,000 volts.
In 1949 Reich reported his success with the Orgone Energy Motor Force:
On June 24th, 1948, at 1 p.m., I succeeded in setting a motor (Western Electric, KS-9154, Serial No. 1227) into motion by means of the Orgone Energy Motor Force which I had discovered by way by way of the Geiger-Muller counter on August 8th, 1947... An activated filament of electronic amplifiers, without any high voltage, is sufficient to transmit the ORGONOTIC MOTOR FORCE.
In order to set the Orgone Motor into motion, a certain function, called Y. is necessary. This function cannot be divulged at the present time.
The sources of orgone energy used hitherto are the following:
a) Orgone-charged Vacor tubes
b) Atmospheric Orgone
c)
Earth Orgone
d) Organismic Orgone Energy
No material as is being used in the process of nuclear fission is required. The succession of impulses can be regulated. The sequence of impulses is even and continuous. The relation of the amount of used orgone energy to the tremendous reservoir of the Cosmic Energy Source is minimal.
The speed of the motor action can be regulated. It depends on:
a) the number of vacor tubes connected,
b) weather conditions
in accordance with orgonotic functions found hitherto, such as temperature
difference To-T, speed of electroscopic discharge, etc.,
c) Function Y.
The functions of the vacuum tubes (vacor tubes), refute the theories of "empty space." Field actions are due to the activity of the universal cosmic orgone energy. The strength of the energy field within the vacuum tube can be demonstrated and measured with a specific functional set-up (14).
Reich demonstrated the motor to reliable witnesses including a reporter from a local newspaper. He died, however, without revealing the nature of function Y. because he felt the world was not prepared to assume responsibility for what would be an unlimited source of power.
Bibliography
1. Reich, W., "Experimental Investigation of the Electrical Function of Sexuality and Anxiety". The Journal of Orgonomy. 3: 1. 1969.
2. Reich, W., The Cancer Biopathy. Orgone Institute Press. N.Y., 1948. p.11.
3. ibid. p.95.
4. Risenblum, C.F. (pseudonym for C.F. Baker). "The Orgone Accumulator Temperature Difference: Experimental Protocol". J. Orgonomy. 6:1. 1972.
5. Blasband, R.A.. "Thermal Orgonometry". J. Orgonomy. 5:2. 1971.
6. Seiler, H.P. "New Experiments in Thermal Orgonometry". J. Orgonomy. 16:2. 1982.
7. Reich, W.. The Cancer Biopathy. p.108.
8. Reich, W.. "The Geiger-Muller Effect of Cosmic Orgone Energy (1947)". Orgone Energy Bulletin. 3:4. 1951. p.201.
9. ibid. p.231.
10. ibid. p.230.
11. ibid. p.232.
12. ibid. p.233.
13. ibid. p.249.
14. Reich, W.. "A Motor Force in Orgone Energy". Orgone Energy Bulletin. 1:1. 1949. p.7.
George D. Hathaway, P. Eng.
Hathaway Consulting
Services
39 Kendal Avenue
TORONTO, Ontario M5R 1L5
Canada
The following may shed light on a most unusual phenomenon which we have called the "Hutchison Effect". It is a very strange arrangement of technologies including those of Nikola Tesla and Robert Van de Graaf. This is a topic that is very conducive to wandering because it brings in all of the most amazing kinds of effects that one would love to have in their basement, such as material levitating and floating around, being able to break steel bars without the use of your bare hands, and all sorts of other weird and wonderful things.
Pharos Technologies Ltd. was a company formed by myself and a gentleman by the name of Alex Pezarro, who you may recall made a presentation at the 1983 2nd International Symposium on Non-Conventional Energy Technology in Atlanta. Alex talked about one of his pet projects, which was oil and gas discovery by novel means. In 1980, we formed this small company to try to promote what we then called the Hutchison Effect. We also termed it in our early presentations: LADS or the Lift and Disruption System. The following series of graphs were created in 1984 to present to various parties interested in funding this technology. The first graph indicates the topics covered in these presentations.
I INTRODUCTION HISTORY
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L.A.D.S. IS CAPABLE OF: | |
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- INDUCING LIFT AND TRANSLATION IN BODIES OF ANY MATERIAL |
PROPULSIVE |
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- SEVERELY DISRUPTING MOLECULAR BONDS IN ANY MATERIAL RESULTING
IN CATASTROPHIC DISRUPTIVE FRACTURING |
ENERGETIC |
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ALL AT LOW POWER AND AT A DISTANCE | |
The Lift and Disruption System or the Hutchison Effect is divided primarily into two categories of phenomena: propulsive and energetic. The system is capable of inducing lift and translation in bodies of any material. That means it will propel bodies upwards, and it will also move them sideways. There are actually 4 kinds of trajectories which are capable of being produced and I'll explain these shortly. It also has very strange energetic properties including severely disrupting intermolecular bonds in any material resulting in catastrophic and disruptive fracturing, samples of which are described here. It is also capable of causing controlled plastic deformation in metals, creating unusual aurora-like lighting effects in mid-air, causing changes in chemical composition of metals (it varies the distribution of the chemical content), and other long-range effects at distances up to around 80 feet (24 metres) away from the central core of the apparatus - all at low power and at a distance.
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I INTRODUCTION + HISTORY |
II VISUAL EVIDENCE - FILM + STILLS | |
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- UNPRECEDENTED ACTIVITY FROM A SINGLE SYSTEM |
- OVERVIEW OF CROWDED, PRIMITIVE ORIGINAL LAB | |
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- TRUE SYSTEM WITH MANY INTERRELATED PARTS |
- STATE OF ORIGINAL SET-UP: |
- POOR CONNECTIONS |
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- DEVELOPED TOTALLY FORTUITOUSLY FROM EXPERIMENTATION WITH EARLY A.C. AND STATIC MACHINES |
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORIGINAL AND LATEST LABORATORIES |
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- BASED OK IDEA OF INDUCING "SWIRL" OR ROTATION IN EM. FIELDS |
- BASEMENT OF HOUSE - L.A.D.S. DRAWS MAXIMUM OF 1.5 KW. FROM HOUSE MAINS | |
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- EARLY EVIDENCE OF POWER OF L.A.D.S. |
- BEST LIFT EPISODES IN EARLY BASEMENT LAB | |
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- PHASE 0 DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM BY PHAROS TECHNOLOGIES LTD. |
- POOR PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD IN EARLIEST TRIALS | |
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- UNPREDICTABILITY OF L.A.D.S. IN EARLY TRIALS |
- HIGHLIGHT - BURNOUT OF ARMATURE + FIELD COILS OF SABRE SAW | |
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- RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF L.A.D.S. LAB UNDER PHASE 1 PROGRAM |
- MANY MATERIALS CAPABLE OF BEING SELECTIVELY INFLUENCED |
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- SUCCESS AT RE-CONSTRUCTING L.A.D.S. IN NEW ENVIRONMENT |
- INDEPENDENT QUALIFIED WITNESSES | |
The system is a single entity, made up of many discrete components. It has many interrelated parts, unfortunately continually being added to by the inventor. It was discovered fortuitously by Hutchison, who was experimenting with early Tesla systems and static machines such as Van de Graaf generators.
The earliest explanation was given by Mel Winfield of Vancouver, whose name may be familiar from Dr. Nieper's 1988 Congress in Germany. He suggested that the explanation for the phenomena was due to a method of making the electro-magnetic fields spin or swirl in some unknown way.
Pharos Technologies was involved in three phases of development, the first phase of which was in the basement of a house in Vancouver. This is where John Hutchison's original work was done. The collection of apparatus which will boggle the mind can be seen on the video (shown during the lecture and available from the publisher) and replicated in Figures 11 and 12. That was the Phase 0 development. Phase I was when we stepped in with some money and took the equipment from the original location and put it in a more reasonable setting. Phase II was a third location prior to its being dismantled and put into storage by John.
The main thing about this technology, apart from its unusual phenomenology, is that it is highly transitory. The phenomena come and go virtually as they please. One has to sit with this apparatus from between six hours and six days before one actually sees something occurring. This makes it virtually impossible to interest someone who would like to try to develop it, to assist in funding, for instance. You can't assume that someone will sit there who is ready to help develop a technology, and have him wait and wait, and perhaps nothing will happen. It's unusual to ask someone to wait six days for a phenomena that they're interested in developing commercially. So one can imagine that we've had some difficulty in the past in financing this program.
Note in Figure 11 one of the Tesla coils in the foreground. The main coil is 4 1/2 feet (1.4 m) high. It was extremely difficult to get around in the first lab (Phase 0). The first laboratory in Vancouver was so densely packed with equipment that you could not find a place to put your foot down. You had to step around all sorts of objects that were put on the floor.
Disruptive phenomena
In the video a bushing is shown breaking up. It was a steel bushing about 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter by 3 to 4 inches (9 cm) long. John still has that in his lab and I have some to show as well (Figures 1 and 2).
The next part of the video is well known. I will try to explain some of its phenomenology. It starts with John warming up the system. To determine where the optimum place for positioning the test objects, which will either take off or burst, he put coins and bits of styrofoam where he believes is going to be the active zone. The first thing that happens is a quarter ($.25 coin) starts to flip and vibrate. Now he knows he should concentrate putting specimens in that zone and he does so. We see some water in a coffee cup that appears to be swirling, although it's not. It is merely the surface rippling by some electromagnetic means and the coffee cup is dancing around the top of a yellow milk carton. It's another way for him to determine where the zone is. Then we see a flat file 8 inches (20 cm) long breaking apart. This file broke into four more or less equal-length sections. Normally, if you break a bar magnet, you know that you break it north-south, north-south, north-south, etc.. So the parts tend to stick back together again. In this case the segments were magnetized the wrong way by some phenomena I do not know and they repel each other when they're put together at the breaks. This may be indicative of the development of large-scale monopolar regions that are of such intensity that they disrupt the material itself. It's as reasonable an explanation as I've been able to come up with, or anyone else.
Lifting phenomena
We then proceed to document some lifting phenomena. The objects that are lifted in the first part of this section are on the order of a few pounds. All of them lift off with a twist. They spiral as they lift off. There has to be a particular geometry with respect to down (gravity) for them to take off. Some objects, if you lie them on their sides, won't take off. If you turn them on their ends, they will take off. The geometrical form of the objects, their composition and their relationship to their environment, the field structure around them that is being created by the device, all play a part in how these things take off.
There are four main modes of trajectory that these objects can follow if they do choose to take off. There's a slow looping arc where the objects will basically take off very slowly in a matter of a couple of seconds and loop and fall back somewhere else It is almost as if the Earth moves underneath them while they are in flight, and they fall back in different locations. The second type of trajectory is a ballistic take-off. In other words, there's an impulse of energy at the beginning of the trajectory with no further power applied to the lifting thereafter, and the object hits the ceiling and comes back down. A third type of trajectory is a powered one where there appears to be continuous application of lifting force. I have some evidence taken from the video. The fourth trajectory is hovering - where objects just rise up and sit there. The objects can be of any material whatsoever: sheet metal, wood, styrofoam, lead, copper, zinc, amalgams and they all either take off or they burst apart, or they do nothing - that's 99% of the time.
Lighting phenomena
Following that is a strange lighting phenomenon. This only occurred once but fortunately, while John was filming. Incidentally, this early film, with the most spectacular results observed, was taken by John himself. It was taken in 1981 and all of a sudden a sheet of iridescence descended between the camera and some of the apparati and one sees that sheet of light. It has a strange pinkish centre to it and hovered there for a while, and then disappeared. John thought he was hallucinating, but when we developed the film it turned out something was definitely there.
In this same video, we observe heavier objects taking off, including a 19-pound (8.6 kg) bronze bushing and water in a cup that's dancing around, the surface of which is vibrating. There are no ultrasonic or sonic devices in this particular series of experiments. There are no magnetic components underneath or over top. There are no field coils underneath over top or anywhere within 6 feet (1.8 m). These images were taken while the apparatus was performing at peak, and shows best results for the earliest experiments.
Sometimes, instead of lifting objects, John will purposely try to destroy them. In one case, a 1/4" round rattail file rests on a plywood base and is held down from taking off by two plywood pieces. Beside it are some quarter and penny coins. The file is glowing white hot and yet there is no scorching of the wooden plywood pieces which are holding it down. Neither are any of the coins affected. This is explainable in terms of RF heating theory because you can have eddy current heating on the surface and it's almost cool to the touch very shortly thereafter. It's still unusual that there is no conductive heat transferred to the wood.
From time to time there are scorch marks on the boards from other experiments. The apparatus makes fire spontaneously in parts of the lab if you're not careful.
The original (Phase 0) lab set-up was primitive, crowded, had poor connections, and had hand-wound coils. However, the films that have most of the best lift episodes were done in this early set-up, drawing a maximum of 1.5 kilowatts continuously from house-mains.
Disruption effects
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RESULTS OF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND ENERGETIC ANALYSES | ||
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- A WEALTH OF CONFIRMATORY PHYSICAL SAMPLES INCLUDING: |
WATER |
- B.C. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: |
- HARDNESS |
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- ALL SHAPES, SIZES. AND MASSES |
- B.C. HYDRO R/D LABORATORY: |
- SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY | |
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- CERTAIN MATERIALS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN INFLUENCES PREFERENTIALLY |
- U. OF TORONTO DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY: |
- SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY | |
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- LOS ALAMOS TESTS | ||
The disruption part of this Lift and Disruption System has produced confirmatory physical samples that include water, aluminum, iron, steel, molybdenum, wood, copper, bronze, etc., with many shapes, sizes and masses. Certain materials are subject to certain influences depending on shape, composition and other factors.
We have tested various pieces that have broken apart for hardness, ductility, etc.. We have used optical and electron microscopes. We have taken SEM's with EDA's (Energy Dispersive Analysis) to determine the composition at various points.
Two samples of aluminum are shown, one of which is in the centre of Figure 1, which is twisted up in a left-handed spiral, and in Figure 2 on the left which was blown into little fibers. Lying on the ruler in Figure I to the left of centre is a molybdenum rod used in nuclear reactors. These things are supposed to withstand temperatures of about 5,000° F. We watched these things wiggle back and forth, and stopped the apparatus halfway through a wiggle and that's the result. Figure 2 (left) shows the piece of cast aluminum that burst apart.
In general, Figure 1 shows a collection of pieces of metal that have been blasted apart or twisted. The largest piece (in the background) is about 12 to 13 inches long. It's two inches in diameter, of regular mild steel, and a 3/8 of an inch long part was blasted off the end and crumbled like a cookie. Fragments have been analyzed to have anomalously high silicon content although the original material was not a silicon steel. The standing piece on the left is 5 - 6 inches tall, 1 and 1/4 inches in diameter. It is a piece of case-hardened steel. The case-hardening has been blown off at the top and about 3/4" of it vapourized during an experiment. Then there are various pieces of aluminum and steel. On the right of Figure 2 is a boring bar. You can still see the old tool bit that John was using through it. It was on a shelf about 10 feet away from the centre of the apparatus and he did not see it happen. It just bent up into a tight U and deposited a quantity of copper at the bend. The copper seemed to somehow magically come out of the solid solution, if it was ever in solution in the first place, and agglomerate as globs at the break. As far as the aluminum is concerned, it's a volume effect, not merely an eddy-current surface effect. The whole thing is blasted right through.
Figures 3 to 6 show some of the scanning electron microscope photos taken by the University of Toronto. Figure 3 shows an aluminum specimen at about 70 times magnification and the whole surface is torn apart, as if it was gouged randomly by some mechanical means. It has not been smoothed and polished and subject to x-ray or dispersion analysis yet. A piece of iron is shown in Figure 4, and was analyzed for composition which showed anomalously high amounts of copper.
With a little higher magnification for Figures 7 and 8, we see what happens in a polished aluminum sample under the SEM. Figure 7 shows two main horizontal fracture zones.
This is a polished sample, that is why it looks nice and clean. Notice the unusual globules forming (positions B & C). We examined these particular globules and they're virtually pure elements. One is copper, another is manganese and others are different elements. These globules seem to arrange themselves along planes and these planes are no doubt the ones that split apart and delaminate into fibers.
Figures 9 and 10 show the relative elemental abundances of locations H and D of Figures 7 and 8. Normally, the aluminum comes out looking like Figure 9. The average is mostly aluminum, of course, but with a bit of copper in it. And yet (Figure 10) shows an area around where the fractures occur and we see we have actually located one of the copper blobs, plus some chlorine from our fingers. Usually you see some chlorine and sodium from salt in your hands if you're touching samples. It's certainly telling us that something unusual is happening. I have not seen another apparatus which makes the alloying material in an alloy come out of the solid solution. Usually it's totally dispersed in the melt but in this case we're "undispersing" it somehow.
The Pharos experimental set-up for the Hutchison effect
PHASE 1: PHYSICAL LAYOUT
This plan view shows the first (1983)
set-up under Pharos' control.
The field-shaping unit is basically an elevated aluminum sphere about 11 inches in diameter. The essential ingredients of the power supply are two 15 kilovolt neon transformers. Large steel masses were all over the place. In his first and most effective experiments, John had a 400 kilohertz continuous wave generator instead of the small Tesla coil. It's basically a low frequency radio transmitter that he had switched on for the operation, and it had a 3-foot whip antenna. Later he replaced that, likely because it broke, with the small Tesla coil, which is about three feet off the ground and is about I 1/2 feet high.
This lab was set up to try to attract some more funding and I personally put it together, trying to pick the essential bits of the apparatus out and assemble them myself. That is the lab from which a number of these samples came.
Spark gaps and tank circuits line one wall. There's a 21 kilovolt transformer in front of the inductors from a Picker X-ray machine which powers a number of these spark gaps. The gaps fire at 60 cycle rep rate. There is a double-ended "dumbbell" Tesla coil suspended from the ceiling. The large Tesla coil, the field-shaper, Van de Graaf generator, and a Tesla disruptive discharge coil are also shown. This latter is a double-ended, iron-core transformer. The distance is approximately 12 feet between the large Tesla coil and the small Tesla coil. Between them is what is called the active area, and that is basically a platform on which we put objects of whatever material we wish, and hope that they'll leap to the ceiling or burst apart. The main tuning control consists of several high-voltage variable capacitors and various inductors.
Figure 11 shows the lab that I set up in 1983. I admit it is rather messy. I tried to set it up exactly as John had set it up, and so I did not make nice connections, etc.. I wanted it to be just the same as what he had done, except I tried to use a minimum number of components. The large Tesla coil is 4 1/2 feet tall (secondary), a few thousand windings of number 27 or 30 enameled. It has a toroidal coil of about 12 gauge resting near its top. The Van de Graaf is about 250,000 volts DC maximum. It has an approximately 11 to 13 inch diameter ball. Also visible are various tuning capacitors. You can see high voltage transmitting caps of very large capacity and RF coils here and there. Overhead is the double-ended "dumbbell" Tesla coil with its electrodes with the double toroid primary. Down below, out of sight, is a spark gap that snaps every 40 seconds or so, and in the back corner is the small Tesla coil. It's a double 807 triode Tesla coil which has a nice spot frequency of about 760 kilohertz. The large Tesla coil, when powered normally, resonates at somewhere around 330 kilohertz.
Figure 12 shows another photo of a later set-up (Phase 2) in early 1987, where several unusual phenomena were filmed by a television crew and was shown on the national new This was John's lab before he tore it apart. It is shown merely to suggest the size and scale of the devices.
Block - Circuit Diagram
The general block diagram shows the Van de Graaf by itself on the left and it goes through a gap and a capacitor. The gap is never firing to ground! The small Tesla coil is shown underneath. It is a little experimental Tesla coil powered all by itself (dual 807 tubes). All components are powered from a single 15 Amp, 110 volt, 60 Hz supply. The main spark gap shown by itself is about 3/8" wide which is powered by a 15 kilovolt DC supply across a capacitor. It snaps every 40 seconds or so and causes a great blast. There is no time correspondence between the snapping of that gap and objects taking off or dismembering themselves.
Neither John nor I know the specific function of any of this apparatus in producing these phenomena, and one of the primary reasons for this presentation is to foster collective investigation leading an understanding of what is going on. I do not know the mechanism whereby this assemblage of components causes objects to lift. I can come to some reasonable conclusions and explanations as to why this assemblage of apparati causes things to burst apart. What is not understandable is how it causes objects to lift.
Field strength readings
I should mention some of the field strength readings that we have taken. Some of these results are shown in Figures 13 and 14. The magnetic field is taken with a strength field meter using an 8" vertical loop. Electric field measurements were also made. The top two traces of Figure 13 show the 60 cycle bursts, a classical kind of Tesla decaying waveforms. The bottom four traces are spectral analyses. The middle left shows the small Tesla coil by itself with a little side band, but its main peak is approximately 760 kHz. (CTR is the centre frequency used in spectrum analysis terminology). In this case, centre frequency: 760 kilohertz; dispersion: 10 KHz, and the vertical scale is relative strength. The large Tesla coil shown bottom left, (centre frequency: around 350 kilohertz), is a very messy, noisy spectrum because the large Tesla coil is not powered in the normal way. It is powered merely inductively. There is also a peak around 610 kilohertz (middle right) which is probably a side band. Bottom right has a centre frequency of 300, probably from the fluorescent lights. We tried to scan from low frequency right up to several megahertz.
Figure 14 shows field strength measurements at approximately 350 kilohertz. We took a relative field strength reading from which I have imputed a strength in microvolts per metre, the vertical scale going up to about 7,000. The solid line indicates the measurements that we made with approximate error bounds, and the horizontal scale is in feet from the centre of the apparatus. The dotted line is an inverse square line just for reference. There is nothing very unusual here.
Tom Valone (Buffalo, New York): Are you actually telling us that you only have 2,000 microvolts per metre as the peak? Its amazing, I expected at least kilovolts per metre.
George Hathaway: The maximum, if we extrapolate that curve is about 100K microvolts per metre right in the centre of the active area. I should caution: this measurement was taken when the apparatus was not working to full potential. Whether, when major events happen, the field strength goes way up, I'm not sure. This was a normal run where some slight movement was happening to make sure the apparatus was functioning, but nothing major was occurring.
Tom Valone: When you say the field strength may go way up, how far do you mean?
George Hathaway: 1 have no idea. We were not able to have the field strength meter at the time as the best lifting was taking place or disruption was taking place. Therefore, I cannot tell you what the electrical field strength would be when the major phenomenon was occurring. I could only imagine based on engineering principles that it would be much higher than 0.1 volts/metre. Don't forget this is only the AC portion of the field.
Something I have a little more control over is an analysis of the lifting capability. Figure 15 shows a strip of the 8 mm film of that 19-pound bronze bushing taking off in slow motion. This is what I consider the powered take-off and its confirmed by the measurements. I measured the distance between the bottom end in its resting position and the bottom end when it actually leaves the frame and plotted that.
Marcel Vogel (San Jose, California): Look at the right-hand side at the series of patterns that you are seeing there. (Figure 15)
George Hathaway: That's the pattern of the milk carton on which this sample is sitting.
Marcel Vogel: Is it a milk carton or is it a reflection from that surface?
George Hathaway: That's a milk carton. If you wish me to run the video again with this particular segment, I will and you can confirm that.
Marcel Vogel: If it was a beat wave you would have a very valuable bit of information.
George Hathaway: That's true. We also have another valuable bit of information in the length of the breaks of the file. That gives us an indication of the wavelength of impinging fields, but nowhere near the kinds of frequency that I would expect to be required to do any of this. But that's a good point. One should always analyze the spatial distribution of how things break for the clues as to the range of operating frequencies.
Now if we plot this take-off and derive an acceleration versus time graph we get Figure 16. I do not have my error analysis so I can't give you a standard deviation on some of these points, but the result is that there is a linearly-rising acceleration curve. There is increasing power being provided to the object as it lifts! It's a 19 pound bushing!
Increasing propulsive power is being applied to this as witnessed by this increasing acceleration curve. These are the actual measurements to about 0.16 seconds and beyond is an extrapolation. The -9.1 in the acceleration equation is merely an artifact of my measuring problem, analyzing that film strip. Keep in mind, this means that when it hits the ceiling, this 19 lb. bushing is traveling at 20 m/sec. (45 mph, 72 kmh) and increasing!
I am at sea in trying to determine how the device can provide a lift. In this "Theoretical background" listing, I mention a few names that might have something to do with an explanation of it.
DISCUSSION OF CURRENT & EARLY THEORIES IN CLASSICAL & QUANTUM PHYSICS
|
ENERGETIC EFFECTS |
PROPULSIVE EFFECTS |
|
- G. LeBON |
- HOOPER |
|
- VALLEE |
- HOLT |
|
- BOYER |
- GRAHAM & LAHOZ |
|
- PRIGOGINE |
- ZINSSER/PESCHKA |
|
PLUS MANY OTHERS NOT MENTIONED HERE | |
Finally here is a listing of a few potential applications of this effect if it can be produced in such a format that it is repeatable and controllable: rocket payload assist, materials handling and warehousing, floating things into position, materials handling of hot objects, objects that are highly radioactive or dangerous, forging and casting, extruding of metals, alloying, power production, conversion, etc., and defence applications.
In conclusion, this is an extremely difficult technology to wrap one's mind around. I have had a great deal of difficulty in convincing scientists to think about this possibility, let alone try to provide some mechanisms for understanding its operation.
APPLICATIONS
|
PROPULSIVE : |
- MICRO-GRAVITY ENVIRONMENTS ON EARTH |
|
ENERGETIC : |
- FORGING, CASTING, EXTRUDING OF METALS |
|
OTHER : |
- DEFENSE APPLICATIONS |
|
ETC. ETC. ETC. | |
I hope I'll be able to engender some interest so that people will think about it. Perhaps some will, if they have some equipment, do some experiments as well.
I must caution anyone who is pursuing this that it is an extremely dangerous apparatus. It has never knocked any of my fillings out, but it certainly has a potential for doing so. It has smashed mirrors, in one of its incarnations, 80 feet away. It has overturned a large metal object about 50 or 60 pounds about 100 feet away. And its effects can't be pinpointed unless we're lucky. We try to find the active area and then we hope that something will happen but perhaps something very far away will happen. The apparatus is capable of starting fires anywhere. It will start fires in concrete, little bursts of flame here and there and it will cause your main circuits to have problems. We've blown fuses out as well as circuit-breakers and large lights.
It also tends to destroy itself and a classic case of that is when we had some important potential investors looking to help develop it. In the morning of its being shown, it blew one of its own transformers apart, and so, needless to say, we could not do a successful demonstration.
Marcel Vogel: Congratulations. I find it exceedingly exciting and interesting. I too have experienced the generation of power like this with a crystal. Just a single, natural quartz crystal cut in a special form. I generated fields which have knocked out electrical equipment and generated power which has destroyed matter. My suggestion to you is to do specific gravity measurements on the pieces of metal on the beginning and end of the specimen. What I think is happening is that there is intervibrational activity going on; namely, you're stimulating the lattice motion, and when it gets to a critical space, the lattice collapse and then you get that stratification that is characteristic. I saw it in a series of metal samples. They look like they was leafing in the aluminum and metal. That should be critically studied as it is a very important thing that can help you to understand.
George Hathaway: You're suggesting specific gravity measurements?
Marcel Vogel: Absolutely.
Jacques Gagnon (Montreal, Quebec): Were there any of these effects when John was not there?
George Hathaway: None of the large effects have occurred when John was not there. We had some minor occurrences when I was personally adjusting the set-up, but I can't suggest that these were the same kinds of things that you saw because they could easily be blamed on merely electrostatics. And anyone can do lots of funny things with electrostatics. They were rather unusual, but I cannot claim to have seen anyone else, including myself, make the apparatus work. Basically that translates into: have the patience to sit with it and adjust it without John being there himself for hours and hours.
Jacques Gagnon: Roughly what is his background? Did he study how he thinks he is doing this?
George Hathaway: That's a good point. John has a high school education, and he does not have any formal electrical or university training. He has been experimenting with Tesla coils. In fact, the way he stumbled upon this was to try to duplicate Tesla's transmission of electrical power without wires. At an experiment, he inserted the Van de Graaf generator which he was repairing for a friend.
He cannot explain these things in terms that people who've had training in these fields would like to use. He talks about energy fields, he talks about energy moving around and being transported from one place to another. He talks about interaction between energy and gravity. That is the extent to which he can explain what his understanding is. He has an incredible intuitive capacity to follow the flow of energy that he is trying to manipulate. Something far beyond me. I have no concept of the kind of understanding that he has. He's been at it since he was about 6 or 7 years old, continuously. He has a government pension for a medical problem so he has lots of time. Time is necessary to develop that kind of technology, if you are not concerned about particular results in getting somewhere. Unfortunately, most of the rest of us don't have that kind of time and we want to produce something that is tangible, something usable, something that we can develop into useful products. That is of very little interest to John per se. He's interested certainly in getting the technology moving, but not at our pace. And that has been one of the causes of having this thing sitting in storage and taking a long time to develop. So he has a good intuitive feel of what is going on. He cannot explain it in words that you and I could understand, and he's been at it for so long that it doesn't really matter. He has no need to converse with us in those kinds of terms, and I doubt that he could.
Dr. Harold Aspden (University of Southampton, England): I've been greatly impressed by this, of course. It's incredible. I would not have believed this from a distance, but it's great to see the demonstration and I have the confidence now that this is a real effect. My first reaction is that I would want to look at the breaking of the specimens with an eye to what is called the exploding phenomena. This is where you pass very rapidly, very big currents through the various wires and they break up into very tiny mm sections, as if they had been chopped up, with no evidence of melting. This is a phenomena being studied by Peter Graneau particularly and that should be considered in regard to rupturing process. I cannot escape from the fact that there must be some evidence, there must be some action of the ether in this activity.
I think the relevance of the tornado to this is of very great interest because there is evidence of patterns in fields, circular patterns in special groups and that has something to do with the magnetic fields that are created. That, to me, is evidence that you can get some kind of vortex or spin in the ether itself and I would look at this phenomenon perhaps arising from the induction of filamentary vortices in spins which tend to pull up these specimens. Having said that, and suspecting that there's another way, I would never go over a cup of coffee that's vibrating with a camera just above it, because my poor head would get in the way of these things and I'd be very scared to go anywhere near that type of activity. So I am a bit concerned that you can have all these things happening, and then moving with a camera to take those pictures! How close did you dare go to the real centre of activity?
George Hathaway: We were within 6 to 8 feet of it. John respects his apparatus when it's going, and he will not enter into it. He knows the limits of it and he tells us what the limits are, and we stay outside those limits. I suffered a severe migraine headache after my first two encounters with it, but I cannot ascribe them directly to the apparatus. I was so excited after seeing this thing work for the first time, and the second time, that my mind was going at 1200 miles per hour, and that is what I attribute my headaches to. John, on the other hand, has complained of microwave clicks deep inside his head. The microwave clicks are a phenomenon that has occurred in radar technicians, where for some time they hear clicking sounds deep inside their heads. John has complained about that but he has not complained about any major effects. We perhaps have just been lucky, or perhaps somehow, he has been protecting us. I don't like to bring up the PK (psychokinetic) end of all this but it certainly may be relevant.
Regarding Peter Graneau's work, I have discussed this with him and he is aware of what is going on. He is very interested in following it up, and as regards tornadoes, it's something as well that might be relevant. There is film evidence of the fact that tornadoes have very interesting electromagnetic phenomena going on inside them. Bodies levitating, going up and down very slowly in the eye of a tornado, and emitting showers of sparks.
Marcel Vogel: I want to add one more thing as a word of caution. Just taking water and spinning it around a crystal in the wrong direction I did but once in my life in 1984 and I was flung 10 ft. away from the experiment against the wall and the next day my face was burnt as if exposed to intense radiation. My eyes were closed. It was witnessed by five persons. That was only letting 100 cc of water spin around a crystal that was charged. So you must proceed cautiously these forces. I speak with experience.
Bernard Grad (Institut Armand Frappier, Montreal, Quebec): Just one comment. First of all, let me explain that I'm no physicist. I've had conventional university training in physics but I'm essentially a biologist and I'm especially interested in the energy fields of living things. The immediate thing that struck me about your talk is that the phenomena is very reminiscient of poltergeist activity. I don't want you to begin to think mystically as soon as I say this: I myself see a lot of poltergeist activity as a direct result of intense and disturbed energy fields in people living under specific circumstances. The fact that you noticed that this phenomena is seen only in the presence of this man and has been working in this from a very early age implies to me that his organism has a specific need in this regard.
I can tell you one little experiment. I've done work in relation to the energy. A healer was onstage, and to his side (the audience was facing him) was his wife sitting at a table, such as you are, with a microphone. The healer was there, and his wife was sitting in front of the microphone there. Over on the side of the stage was a generator. This was an unusual situation in the sense that the generator was there. While he was healing, to the surprise and astonishment of everyone, a waveform appeared directly towards the motor to such an extent that it frightened and astonished everybody, but the thing was able to be dampened as soon as he stopped healing and as soon as she turned the microphone away. I just want to put some focus on this direction. I think these are very interesting phenomena, by no means mystical phenomena, I want to emphasize, but phenomena that can be investigated scientifically. Another total surprise: he's a person who never had a formal education, but he constantly speaks of energy field which is, by the way, the way many healers speak.
George Hathaway: We had considered that kind of approach (the PK psychokinetic approach) as a possible explanation as well. We tended to downplay that for a number of reasons including the fact that John was very excited about two particular demonstrations we were going to give for rather high-powered investors. On both occasions the apparatus failed. One could say that there was some kind of negative influence, and John's one unconcious side was fooling his other unconcious side into saying that he was not going to proceed with this. But he certainly was excited and he wanted to get going again.
Anonymous: My wife and I are in touch with John Hutchison regularly and we have a large archive of his information and he has stated that he does not wish this technology to be used for any destructive or military means and that he has kept certain information, so that it will not be able to be used by other people. And this may be one of the reasons why no one else has been able to replicate exactly what he has done, because he has not told anyone everything that he is doing, so that's one point I wanted to make and that may be why no one else has been able to replicate this.
Bernard Grad: Have you tried to selectively isolate components in the electrical experiment so as to pinpoint whatever may be the cause of this?
George Hathaway: We were going to embark on a program of doing just that in our phase of work in 1982, but unfortunately things fell apart contradictorly with John and we were not able to continue that research. John has an interest in putting more things into the apparatus, not less. Unfortunately we were not able to continue.
Figure 1. Examples of disruptive
phenomena, including a broken bushing.
Figure 2. Two samples of disruptive
phenomena: contorsion and segmentalisation
Figure 3. Aluminium specimen from
one of John Hutchison's experiments October 1984 (70x magnification)
Figure 4. Fractured iron rod/bar
which includes regions which were mapped by x-ray: see also figures 9 and 10
Figure 5. Scanning electron
microscope photo taken at the University of Toronto of an aluminium sample
subjected to the Hutchison effect
Figure 6. Scanning electron
microscope photo taken of an iron sample subjected to the Hutchison effect
Figure 7, Figure 8. Higher
magnification of polished aluminium sample with pure element globules emerging
after Hutchison effect
Figure 9, Figure 10. Spectral plots
of typical aluminium sample compared with an area where fractures developed
under Hutchinson effect occured
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. Trace: 60 Hz bursts with classical Tesla coil decays.
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. Trace: 60 Hz bursts with classical Tesla coil decays.
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. Small coil peaking at 760 KHz;
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. 610 KHz sideband.
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. Large coil at 610 KHz.
Figure 13. Field strength reasings
during experiments. A 300 KHz emission source
Figure 14. Field strength
measurements during Hutchison effect experiments at about 350 KHz, showing
strength versus distance from source
Figure 15. Strip of 8 mm film of a 19
pound bronze bushing in powered take-off, in slow motion.
Figure 16. Plot of linearly-rising
powered take-off of a 19 pound bushing calculated on an acceleration / time
graph.
J. Scott Strachan
6 Marchhall Crescent
EDINBURGH EH
16 5HN
United Kingdom
The obvious primary target for inertial thrust is "parity", i.e. the ability to lift its own weight, and then an improvement of efficiency and reliability. However, any demonstration of parity would inevitably allow unlimited funds for development. It should be noted that even without parity but with high reliability, the system would be far and away the most useful dirigible satellite power source yet created and would have a substantial market straight away for this purpose.
It is my opinion that the RLF project in particular is of critical importance at this time. It is a complex project and many problems lie between our present level of knowledge and a practical system. If we were to embark on this project and fail, the whole field would be set back by many years. It must not fail.
Theoretical Framework
The question immediately thrown up by Professor Eric Laithwaite's "Through the Looking Glass" experiments was: "Was Newton wrong?". To answer this question it is worthwhile looking at exactly what the assertions were, and what implications are general and which specific. The assertions are:
1. that a processing massive spin plane has no inertia in the
direction of precession;
2. that consequently there is no apparent
centrifugal force (implying no centripetal force?);
3. that the forced
precession of a massive spin plane will result in an inertia-less precession at
right angles to the force;
4. that this means that displacement of a mass can
occur without an equal and opposite reaction.
It can be seen that the proof of assertion (1) leads inevitably to the veracity of assertions (2), (3) and (4).
Consider a flywheel mounted on a shaft which is itself mounted on a second shaft by means of a gimbal such that:
shaft 1 may pivot in the plane in line with shaft 2,
and
shaft 2 can be rotated. This forms a system which precesses about the
axis of shaft 2 in response to a force on the flywheel in line with shaft 2
(Fig.1).
Figure 1.
The behaviour of a flywheel mounted such that its precession and spin planes are about the same point is well-known. The behaviour of a system such as that defined above, where the spin plane of the flywheel and the precession axis are separate, has given rise to a number of interesting observations, some of which it has been claimed would make Newton "turn in his grave". It is the purpose of this paper to explain these observations and to demonstrate that some of the hopes raised by the said observations, of the realization of a linear force from a rotating system, are valid but that Newton's laws remain substantially intact, the effect, as will be seen, being the result of a more rigourous definition of mass than was hitherto. thought necessary.
Mathematical Expression for the Precessing System
The problem of finding a mathematical expression for the
behaviour of the processing system described above is one of defining a
consistent frame of reference from which the forces and velocities can be
measured. To this end, I have chosen the axis and spin plane of the flywheel as
the origin of measurement of force and velocity. Thus the spin speed of the
flywheel is expressed in the conventional 
i.e.
radians per second, but the velocity of the flywheel through space is expressed
in metres per second. The importance of this becomes clear when it is realized
that the radius of precession measured to a point on the rim of the flywheel in
the precession plane is greater than the radius of precession at the axis of the
flywheel. Thus the velocity of a point on the rim of a stationary flywheel is
greater than the velocity of the axis of the flywheel. Thus in terms of these
velocities a point in the rim of a rotating flywheel can be said to accelerate
at a rate defined by (from Figure 2):
Figure 2.
This acceleration is in the direction of precession as the point moves from a vertical position in line with the precession axis to a horizontal position in line with the precession plane. It is counter to the direction of precession as the point moves from the horizontal to the vertical position.
Now, the important point is that at both sides of the flywheel in precession plane the velocity of the point relative to the precession axis is greater than at the vertical position. If the rotation of the flywheel is subtracted, this is perfectly valid since we are considering only the acceleration as defined by the precession velocity.
The resultant of this effect is best appreciated by doing a simple thought experiment or, if you prefer, by doing the actual experiment described, on a record turntable. Imagine a flywheel constructed of a number of hollow spokes each containing a measured mass. Now imagine the flywheel rotating at a constant speed. At a point in its rotation a mass on side of the wheel is displaced towards the axis. At the opposite side, at the same time, a mass is displaced away from the axis. It can be seen that the Coriolis force from this displacement is in the same direction on both sides and if the displacement is equal the acceleration of the masses is equal, in the sense that one mass is decelerated in the opposite direction to the other mass's acceleration.
The magnitude of acceleration is defined: sin
R1 - R2 on one side and sin
R1 + R2 on the other side, bearing in mind that the
actual vector of velocity is opposite on each side of the flywheel. In this
case, provided that no other force is applied to the masses (that is other than
the new centripetal force the masses now experience), the displacement so caused
will be returned to origin during the period 90° 180° later. The
system will then oscillate about its axis due to the imbalance. But if the axis
is allowed to displace in response to the said Coriolis force and the masses are
continually displaced in the manner described, but are allowed to return to
their original position, it can be seen that a total displacement of the axis of
the flywheel is achieved in direct response to the force applied to the said
masses but at right angles to the applied force. This occurs because, provided
the masses balance 90° after the impulse, the reaction takes place out of
phase.
Defining the Flywheel Process
In a real flywheel the process is slightly more complex. Effectively, the acceleration between the precession plane and the precession axis plane can be considered as an addition and subtraction to the centripetal force on the mass points on the flywheel rim as defined by:
Since we are dealing with acceleration only M can be dispensed with for the time being. Since there is no actual displacement of mass with respect to the axis of the flywheel and we are dealing only with the apparent acceleration caused by:
a giving a resultant V at right angles to a (Vr):
and 
At it can be seen that a vertical is directly proportional to V
at the precession plane rim of the flywheel minus V at the axis of the flywheel,
provided that the velocities are measured as a vector through the plane of the
flywheel. It can be seen therefore a vertical is proportional to the angular
velocity of the precession and the spin velocity of the flywheel which defines
the 
of the acceleration between V at a point
on the rim of the flywheel vertical to the axis of precession to V at a point
horizontal to the plane of precession. Hence, if we use the following notation:
Spin velocity = spin of flywheel in rads/s = 
Precession radius at axis of flywheel=
p
Precession radius at rim of flywheel on the precession plane=
L
Precession velocity at rim of flywheel= Z
Precession velocity at axis of
flywheel= V
Radius of flywheel= R
it can be seen that 
the vector
of 
velocity through the flywheel plane. So a
vertical (notation a) is:
N.B. 
for 90° rotation of
the flywheel. 2(1)
The force required is defined by:
being the resultant vector of force in the flywheel plane. This
vector is used to change the 
of the flywheel
and increases the resistance to the motion of the flywheel precession.
The equations can be simplified using 
flywheel and 
' R1 and
R2 for the precesion, but in this form the "nuts and bolts" of the theory are
more readily seen.
It should also be noted that the conventional rotation of the flywheel plane about its axis at right angles to an induced rotation about its axis still takes place, and this results in any movement of the flywheel following a path rotating about the axis of precession which, as can be seen from the above equations, results in a constant angular velocity in a plane at right angles to the applied force. Note that when the flywheel is under an acceleration equal to:
it need not displace vertically for the force to balance, but that if a is greater than any vertical acceleration (such as gravity) it must displace in the path described. If it does not, then the force applied results in a direct acceleration of the flywheel with the force F = Ma modified by:
the difference between F and F
being absorbed in the rotation of the flywheel just as before.
It should also be apparent that if R is greater than P then the conventional precession rotation will result in a net downward force on the axis of precession, and if R is less than P the precession rotation will result in a net side force on the axis of precession which if restricted returns us to the losses described in the discussion on restricted displacement above.
Use of these equations can predict the behaviour of all of the observed phenomena described in Professor Laithwaite's "Engineer Through the Looking Glass" and reveal a number of useful methods of exploiting the effects. I should point out, of course, that these equations deal with an idealized flywheel where all mass is on the rim and that for the real world the acceleration is an integration between Z and V. A simplification is to define the effective mass radius and calculate Z from the effective R. For instance, for a flat disc flywheel effective, R would equal:
being the radius of the effective centre of mass at the effective rim of the flywheel. Obviously for a very good flywheel where most of the mass is on the rim, the basic equations are quite adequate and will give results within a few percent of the measured values. If a test of accuracy of these equations is desired, then the use of the flat disc flywheel with the radius correction taken into account results in exact values although, as the equations show, the efficiency of such a system in terms of force for mass is pretty poor.
Working Systems
One system is described in the accompanying synopsis of my patent and is, in terms of duty cycle, one of the most dramatic. However, its efficiency is not great and the immense stresses caused in the structure from wasted energy make it difficult to scale up to a more useful power.
The simplest system makes use of the displacement principle and consists of a system such as the one described throughout the paper, driven in the following manner. A limit is placed on the precession vertical to the precession axis and means are provided to drive the precession through approximately 90° around the precession axis. The resultant reaction moves the system opposite to the direction of the flywheel during the driven portion of precession. The force required to drive through the 90° is, of course, equal to the mass of the flywheel times its acceleration plus:
is always through the plane of
the flywheel so that this force behaves as friction to the motor. The displaced
mass of the flywheel is, however, decelerated by the internal force, as
discussed earlier, giving the effect of the disappearance of the inertia of the
flywheel as soon as the 90 forward precession period is over. Thus the system
axis continues at the velocity attained in each pulse as a reaction to the mass
of the flywheel until the next pulse. It can be seen that the duty cycle of this
system depends on the force applied to the flywheel vertical to the precession
axis. Thus, if the force is gravity, the duty cycle will be poor but can be
improved by the use of a separate force on the flywheel vertical to the axis of
precession such as a powerful spring. This allows the system to operate at any
angle as well.
The forces on this system are very direct and thus the efficiency is quite high despite the losses due to:
It should be noted that in this system R must equal P. otherwise the precession axis would tend to wobble alarmingly and the losses would be greatly increased.
Flywheel Apparatus
Scheme 1
The apparatus comprises a pair of flywheels (30a and 30b) each rigidly mounted on a respective shaft (32a and 32b) so as to pivotably movable in a vertical plane about a central point (34). It is preferred that the distance (D) between the centre of the flywheel (30) and the central point (34) be equal to the radius (R) of the flywheel. The shafts (32a and 32b) are each journalled in bearings (36a and 36b) fixed to arms (38a and 38b), mounted by pivot bearings (40) to a central tubular shaft (42). The tubular shaft (42) is journalled in bearings (41) in a base frame (43). A stationary central shaft (45) is secured to the base frame (43), and bearings (47) are provided between it and the tubular shaft (42).
Means are provided for driving the flywheels in rotation. In this embodiment, each flywheel (30a and 30b) is driven by a respective electric motor (44a and 44b) via pulleys (46) and flexible (e.g. rubber) bands (48). The motors (44) are secured to a beam (49) fixed to tubular shaft (42) to rotate herewith.
Means are provided to rotate the central pivot bearings (42) so that the flywheels (30) may be forcibly precessed. A critical aspect of the invention is that these means for forcibly processing the flywheels must be capable of rotating the assembly at a fixed speed irrespective of the forces acting upon it, and most particularly it must not be possible to appreciably accelerate the forced precesion. One suitable method for achieving this is shown in the present embodiment, in which the tubular shaft (42) is driven in rotation by a motor (52) via a substantial worm and pinion reduction transmission (54, 56) which prevents back transmission of force.
Further, means are provided for rapidly displacing the flywheels (30) downwards against their precession resultant at least one position in the precession path. Such means may be, as shown in the present embodiment, a cylindrical cam (58) acting on cam followers (60) on the arms (38), the cam (58) being mounted on the stationary central shaft (45).
Preferably, the cam (58) has a profile (58a) which forces the flywheels (30) down twice in each precession revolution at 0° and 180° positions, and allows them to rise to a maximum height at 90° and 270° positions. Alternatively, solenoids or other linear actuators may be used for this purpose.
The precession resultant will hereinafter be referred to as the precesion lift. Since the precession lift does not result in an equal and opposite down force on the pivot (40), the cam (58) which accelerates the flywheels (30) downwards experiences a precession reaction upwards. At the bottom of the cam form (58a), the flywheels (30) are again swept upwards, with the reaction-reduced precession lift resulting in a net linear force. This action depends on the precession not being allowed to accelerate as the flywheels are forced downwards.
The energy for the work done comes from the flywheel spin inertia, and thus from the motors (44) or other means driving the flywheels. It is necessary for this drive to be delivered in a manner which does not restrict the vertical motion of the flywheels. The use of the rubber band (48) has teen found to impose an acceptably small restriction on this motion in a small-scale system. Other possible means of delivering drive would include flexible shafts, and forming the flywheels with blades driven by gas jets.
It is believed that the efficiency of the system -
(linear force)/(power supplied) x 100%
is approximately 40%, disregarding mechanical losses in the drive.
Brandson Roy Thomson
Fortune Ventures Inc.
118
Emerald Grove Drive
WINNIPEG, Manitoba R3J 1H2
Canada
The Energy Zoned Kinetic Leverage (EZKL) propulsion system is referred to as the next generation because its principles differ from all presently used propulsion systems applied to transportation. These propulsion force systems develop a force imposed with friction against an external medium to cause a reaction that translates as a propulsion force or thrust. We are familiar with these because they are the only ones manufactured for cars, trucks, trains and aircraft.
This is the only form of system we have available at present because the perspective of the engineered design of all systems is focused upon the accepted concept that a "medium must be present to produce a propulsion force by way of reaction". The reason this perspective is focused upon mediums, is basically founded upon the acceptance that Sir Isaac Newton's Laws of Motion must be applied verbatim, and it is interpreted that a medium is absolutely necessary. The EZKL system's principles do not violate any of these laws of motion in physics, rather this new propulsion force relies upon the dependability of the second half of Newton's First Law of Motion "unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it", which subjects the rigidity of all laws to conditional change.
The concept of converting rotary motion into linear motion producing no reaction is not a new idea, but it is assumed to be impossible as it appears to violate certain laws in physics, and its pursuit, up until now, deemed to be foolhardy.
EZKL converts rotary motion into linear motion producing thrust with no apparent external reaction. Internally manipulated masses cause vibratory centripetal forces to be imposed upon each wheel's axle in a controlled manner. This centripetal force is the same force that causes that potent action termed as "vibration" which is usually viewed as a negative and destructive element. A single wheel is "out of balance" and if rotated simply oscillates around its centre of mass or balance (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Converting oscillating motion to linear motion
The first step is to convert this oscillating motion into linear motion confined in two directions. Then, by joining two wheels to a common plane with their axles parallel and causing the wheels to be turned symmetrically opposite, all of these centripetal forces are regimented to impose these forces in four equal directions. (Figure 2)
Figure 2
The forces imposed in the direction along the common plane allows no movement along that direction, as they are neutralized by equal and opposite forces produced from within each opposing wheel, but the forces imposed perpendicular to the plane are imposed in an alternating manner and causes the common plane to vibrate. A bias of the perpendicular centripetal forces imposed is caused, and produces a continuous resultant force being imposed in a single direction that affects the whole of the mass of the system, and causes the mass of the system to be propelled and affects any mass to which it is attached.
The EZKL concept
If a six ounce mass is attached to a 2 1/2" arm, which is fixed to an axle that is being turned at 1,000 revolutions per minute, it is observed that the 6 ounce mass is attempting to pull the axles in that direction toward the mass and is caused by centrifuge (Figure 3).
Figure 3
We determine the strength of that centripetal force imposed upon the axle by first determining the mass velocity in feet per second:
ft/sec
and secondly the centripetal force in pounds using:
lb
Examining one EZKL wheel module and its components, we see internally mounted a 1.25" pitch diameter sun gear which is held stationary by a shaft protruding through its axle as the wheel is rotated (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Two like gears mounted on opposite sides of the sun gear inside the wheel are bearings mounted to the wheel and caused to rotate two revolutions for each wheel revolution, as they are meshed with the fixed sun gear (Figure 5: "p"). A crankshaft throw located at the centre line of mesh of each planetary gear causes the throw to continuously alter its distance from the centre of the wheel axle. Thus, its velocity continuously accelerates and decelerates, relative to the wheel axle centre, producing an inverted heart-shaped orbit (Figure 5: throw "t", t-orbit "tO").
Attaching a free-swinging, pendulum-shaped planet mass to each throw in which the centre of mass is equidistant to the centre of the planetary gear axle, and causing the wheel to turn, allows the planet mass to describe a concentric orbit path with a continuously changing degree of curve. This causes the planet to describe a loop over the centre of the wheel's axle, causing the wheel to be out of balance, and oscillate around its centre of mass (Figure 5: planet path "pO").
Figure 5.
Relative to the centre of the wheel's axle (which will be referred to as the common plane), it is observed that the velocity of the planet is continuously accelerating and peaking at that furthest distance from the wheel's axle, which position is referred to as the major arc peak. This produces the greatest centripetal force upon the axle (Figure 6: v"M").
Upon passing the peak position of the major arc, the planet velocity continuously decelerates relative to the axle centre until the crank throw arrives at the "point" of its inverted heart-shaped orbit and the velocity of the throw ceases momentarily as the planet describes the minor arc over the wheel axle. This produces the lowest centripetal force imposed upon the axle in the same direction as the major arc (Figure 6: v"m").
Figure 6.
Passing this "point", the throw causes the planet velocity to return to the acceleration phase in the planet orbit, and begin to increase the centripetal force strength that is imposed upon its axle.
Determining the velocity of the planet mass at that moment its position is at the peak of the major arc, is accomplished in two steps:
1) A spot is determined upon the inside of the wheel that locates the centre of the planet mass, and its radius from the wheel's centre is calculated as 2 1/2", assuming the wheel is turning at 1,000 rpm. We determine the velocity of the spot as (equation):
ft/sec
2) The planetary gear is rotating at 2,000 rpm, and the radius from the planetary axle to the centre of mass of the planet is 1 1/4". Therefore, the planet is being carried past this "spot" at:
ft/sec
Therefore, the velocity of the planet mass at this position relative to the axle, which is part of the common plane, is determined as:
= 21.8166 + 21.8166 = 43.6332
feet/second
The centripetal force imposed upon the axle or common plane at this moment in time in the direction toward the six ounce planet mass, is determined as:
lbs.
Determining the velocity of the planet mass at the peak of the minor arc is calculated from the centre of the crank throw as it has come to rest at the "point" of the throw orbit, but the planetary gear axle maintains a uniform 1,000 rpm. As the radius from the throw centre to the planetary axle centre is equal in length to the centre of the planet mass, it is determined that the radius of the circle described by the planet around the throw would be 0.625 inches, and the velocity of the planet mass at the peak of the minor arc is calculated as:
feet/second.
Therefore the centripetal force imposed upon the wheel's axle in the direction of the planet mass at the peak of the minor arc is calculated at:
lbs.
Aggregating the forces for concurrent imposition
Therefore, the centripetal force imposed upon the wheel's axle is continuously changing as its velocity continuously changes, and its strength is dependent upon the planet location in its orbit, as its velocity is relative to the axle centre. The total force imposed upon the axle by the major and minor arc peak positions by the two planets at the same time aggregate to:
178.48651 + 2.7888 = 181.2 lbs
are imposed upon the common plane in one direction toward the planet at the major arc position away from the common plane.
To allow continuance of centripetal force calculations of the other arcs, two of these wheels are joined with parallel axles to a common plane and turned symmetrically opposite, and allowing the major arc in each wheel to impose their force at the same moment in a direction perpendicular to, and away from, the common plane (Figure 7)
Figure 7: Four equal arc centrifugal
forces imposed in one direction away from the common plane
It is observed that the centripetal forces imposed in the direction along the common plane are neutralized by equal and opposite like forces produced from within each opposing wheel and prohibits each wheel axle from movement along the direction of the common plane. Also, when each wheel turns 90 degrees away from the peak of the major arc, each of the four planets are turned 180 degrees, and describe four arcs which radii are all equal in length as the axle of each planetary gear align their centres to the common plane.
It is determined that the velocity of each of the planets in this equal arc position are equal to each other, and that as each planet is equal in mass size and weight (6 oz. each), by way of axiom, the centripetal force transferred and imposed upon the common plane in their direction are equal to each other.
The force produced by the major and minor arc of each wheel causes the common plane to be propelled in that direction perpendicular to this plane, and at I ,000 rpm, it was determined that each major arc imposed 178.48 lbs. and each minor arc 2.78 lbs. This totalled 181.26, and as two wheels are imposing this force upon this plane, the common plane is propelled in this direction with a force of 362.53 lbs., and is imposed over that length of time each planet occupies this zone. Newton's Third Law of Motion indicates that the four equal arcs imposing their centripetal force in the opposite direction to the two major and two minor arcs, are aggregated and are equal and opposite with a total force of 362.53 lbs. Therefore, each equal arc produces a centripetal force of:
lbs.
The common plane is now in a state of vibration, as a force of 362 lbs is imposed alternately in opposing directions as a result of joining two out-of-balance wheels at their axis, and converting their rotational oscillation around the centre of their mass into a vibratory action in two directions only. Obviously, this vibration would cause a two-wheel contraption to self-destruct. Therefore, this vibratory action is neutralized by attaching two additional like wheels to the common plane, with their rotation advanced 90 degrees, so that the second pair are imposing their equal arc centripetal force at the same time the first set of wheels are describing the two major and two minor arc centripetally imposed forces. This neutralizes all forces in all directions affecting the whole of the system's mass, and vibratory movement ceases (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
We observe the four wheels rotating symmetrically opposite, and the system remains stationary as all internally imposed centripetal forces affecting the whole of its mass are at present neutralized by equal and opposite like and unlike forces.
Role of magnetic force
Located directly prior to the wheel's axle centre are two plunger poles for each planet of a unique but powerful electromagnet between which each planet passes in an alternating manner. These poles are referred to as the planet trap, and when activated impress a magnetic force upon the planet mass, causing its movement to cease prior to reaching the peak of the minor arc, and converts its momentum into kinetic energy which is transferred to the wheel's axle through the medium of the electromagnetic field. The kinetic force imposed upon the axle is along that direction of the common plane where it is neutralized by equal and opposite like forces produced from within the opposing wheel (Figure 9).
Figure 9.
The magnetic force continues to be impressed upon the planet mass as the wheel is rotated 90 degrees from that position of the peak of the minor arc. The planetary gear has at this position been rotated 180 degrees, and although the crank throw is in that position where the planet describes an equal arc, it is prohibited from describing this equal arc because the centre line of the planet mass is taken out of alignment to the planetary gear axle at the throw of 105 degrees. Since this arc is not described, the normal centripetal force of this equal arc is not produced nor imposed upon each axle. Therefore only two of the four equal arc centripetal forces are imposed upon the common plane (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
The captive planet is released when the throw reaches the peak position of the equal arc, and as the wheel continues to rotate, the planetary gear rotating at double the wheel rpm causes the throw to pull the planet with a whip-like action, returning it to its planet orbit position prior to the major arc peak position being reached. The new forces causing this whip-like action are imposed in that direction along the common plane, where they are neutralized by equal and opposite like forces produced at the same time by the opposing wheel.
Prohibiting two equal arcs from being described reduces the total centripetal force of 362.53 lbs. to 181.26 lbs being imposed in the direction of the equal arcs perpendicular to the common plane. Therefore, a bias of vibration is caused as the reinstated major arc is described and the minor arc is described and trapped, producing an aggregated centripetal force of 362.53 lb imposed in their direction, and overcomes the opposing force of 181.26 lbs imposed at the same moment in the opposite direction (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Therefore, a resultant force of 181.26 lbs is caused and imposed upon the common plane, in a single direction away from the common plane, in the direction of the peak of the major arc at a frequency of four 181 lbs force applications per revolution of the wheels.
At 1,000 rpm, there are 66 2/3 applications of 181 lbs force strength imposed in one direction per second, causing the system to be propelled with continuous acceleration. The magnet field must produce a shear force sufficient to overcome the kinetic value produced at the peak of the minor arc as its momentum is converted to kinetic energy and the strength of this kinetic force is: (v = 5.454 ft./see relative to the common plane; m =.375)
lbs.
Experimental research has determined that the kinetic force is overcome by doubled shear force. The shear force strength of the planet trap is now developed to produce a range from 5 lbs to 40 lbs, utilizing a 12 volt current supply to the magnet coils. The working prototype being developed at personal expense measures 18" x 18" x 10", with a gross weight of 85 lbs. A 12 volt battery supplies the magnet coils and the prime force turning the wheels is a 3/8" chuck rechargeable Mikita drill. This prototype is designed to operate in the range of 500 to 1,500 rpm providing the availability of 40 lbs of thrust being imposed 33 times per second, varying up to 400 lbs if thrust being imposed 100 times per second with instant reverse available.
EZKL advantages
The advantages of the EZKL system are noteworthy. These are attractive for numerous applications. In the case of recreational boating these are:
1. Elimination of accidental injury from a propellor blade
2.
Fuel consumption reduction reduces hydrocarbon emissions
3. Noise pollution
is reduced due to lesser prime force required.
Similarly, advantages have been noted for helping manned gliders remain airborne, new designs for air planing vehicles designed to exploit continuous acceleration characteristics.
Suitability has been recognized for long-distance urban bus and tractor trailer transportation, taking advantage of the 2 to 3,000 lb force capability. Fuel consumption is expected to be reduced by approximately 70%. Because the force can be instantly reversed, the vehicle could be pulled to a stop without relying upon friction between the rubber tires and the road surface, thereby increasing passenger and cargo safety, even on icy terrain.
The EZKL models
The photo to the left shows the simplified version built specifically to demonstrate that a bias of the centripetal forces does in fact produce a resultant linear propelling force converted from rotary motion. The photo to the right shows the first working model for practical transportation application.
The simplified version
The first working model for
practical transportation application.
2-wheel system
2-wheel system (1983) showed self-propulsion on foam, across water; and (1989) to swing to one side only in a pendulum test.
Troller
Troller, 30 - 40 rpm, 60 lbs., self-contained with 12V battery. Propelled author 200 on 10' aluminium canoe 200' (360 lbs. mass).
4-wheel pan
4-wheel pan (1988) built to observe interaction of the internal masses during operation and to study the advance and retard of planet trapping and release at varying rates of rotation. Weight: 45 lbs.
Marcel J. Vogel, Ph.D.
Jennet Grover
Birthe
Madsen
P.R.I.
1725 Little Orchard Street C
SAN JOSE, California
95125
United States of America
This paper deals with the formation in fluidic materials of an intermediate state which is given the term a "lyotropic mesophase system". This system, once achieved, may be detected by means of melting point determination under cross field polarized light and spectrophotometry, ultraviolet, visible and infrared. We have further examined the water specimens with the Omega 5 Metatronics Machine, a modified radionic unit, and have been able to detect the differences between:
A) different crystal shapes (i.e., 6-sided, 8-sided and
13-sided)
B) crystals with and without a program
C) projecting colour
through the Omega 5 to the fluid
D) information transfer from one crystal to
another
Laboratory Equipment
1. Perkin-Elmer Model 267 Infrared Spectrophotometer
2. Cary
Model #15 Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrophotometer
3. Fisher Surface Tensiomat
Model #21
4. BE-Vincent Machine for pH and rH measurements
5. Fisher
Electrophotometer #11
6. Amber Conductivity Meter # 64
7. Zeiss Ultraphot
IIIB Microscope with Microspectrophotometric Attachment with Computer
8.
Omega 5 Metatronics Machine (instrument designed to detect and measure fields
stored in crystals.
Industrial Unit
The industrial unit consists of a coil of stainless steel tubing 3/4" in diameter, 7 turns housed in a wooden box. In the center of the coil the crystal is mounted in a replaceable mounting. The crystals that were used are the following:
A) In the laboratory unit (large unit):
1. 6-sided double-terminated crystal 6 1/4" x 2 1/4" (15.875 x
5.7 cm)
2. 8-sided double-terminated crystal 5 3/4" x 2" (14.6 x 5.1
cm)
3. 13-sided double-terminated crystal 5 3/4" x 2" (14.6 x 5.1 cm)
B) In the Omega 5 unit:
4. 6-sided double-terminated crystal 4 1/4" x 1 3/4" (10.8 x
4.45 cm)
5. 8-sided double-terminated crystal 4 1/2" x 1 1/2" (11.4 x 3.8 cm)
The fluids used are:
Water:
a) Alhambra Purified Water for all distilled water
purposes, sodium-free
b) Tap water
c) Reverse Osmosis tap water
Wine:
Varietal red and white wines
Experimental Procedure
1000 cc samples of the three waters listed above were obtained. Each water was poured once around the large crystal in the industrial unit. The crystal was cleared from any charge and program when it left the laboratory.
A sample of the processed water was collected (50 cc) in a plastic vessel and another sample was taken for spectrophotometry in its plastic cuvette.
The control runs were:
a) water samples as received with no treatment;
b) water
samples run through industrial unit with crystals cleared;
c) water samples
run through the industrial unit and projecting from the Omega 5 unit with the 6-
and 8-sided charged crystals;
d) water samples run with the Omega 5 unit
turned "off"; and,
e) water samples run with Omega 5 unit turned "on".
This series of runs establishes a set of base line measurements which can be used for comparisons. Runs d) and e) are a repeat of b) and c) for repeatability check.
Colour Experimentation
Next, we broadcast colours with the Omega 5 through both the 6 - and 8-sided crystals. The colours chosen were: F. Red #25, H. Orange #23, J. Yellow #12 L. Green #89, N. Blue #80, P. Purple #48, and R. Black Lite (4 watt UV lamp).
Between each colour transmission, a run was made with the Omega 5 unit turned "off". The run numbers assigned to these procedures were the following: G.,I.,K.,M.,O.,Q.,S..
The results of the Omega 5 readings from transmission of colour projected and amplified via a charged 6-sided crystal to a 6-sided crystal in the industrial unit which picks up a charge. The results measured one week after the runs were completed, are shown in Figure 1. They indicate the energy level stored in the water after treatment.
Figure 1. OM-5 readings 6 to 6
projection.
The following observations can made:
a. Red suppresses any field stored in the water.
b. The
fields increase in each colour until we have a maximum at the UV or black light
region.
c. The greatest effect is with the Alhambra Purified Water.
d. The
next greatest effect is with Reverse Osmosis water.
e. Energy can be
transferred to tap water by projecting purple or W.
f. When the projection
was turned "off", the field decreased to 0 (zero).
This experiment offers a good indication that the fields which crystals emit can be transferred to and stored by fluids, especially water.
The same procedures were then followed in the laboratory with 8-sided crystals being used in the industrial unit and the OM-5 machine. A primary observation is an overall increase in the energy storage in the waters and the very high capacity of the UV mode to store energy in tap water.
Many of the events did not come down to zero. We are studying
these results and feel that what may have happened is that there was a
"contamination" of the waters we used from the previous broadcasting in the 6
6 experiment.
Taking each of the water samples and doing an off-line test, gave the following results. Freshly acquired, untreated samples (controls) gave zero readings with the OM-5 instrument. When we broadcast purple #48 through the 8-sided crystal in the presence of these samples, the samples changed in value from the broadcasting. We then erased the water samples with the bulk demagnetizer and they all returned to their original values. These values are listed below: (RO = reverse osmosis water sample)
Water controls:
|
ALH- |
111 |
000 |
000 |
Untreated samples, OM-5 Readings |
|
RO- |
000 |
000 |
000 | |
|
TAP- |
000 |
000 |
000 | |
|
ALH- |
454 |
111 |
111 |
Broadcasting charged 8-sided |
|
RO- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
crystal with purple #48 for 10 |
|
TAP- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
seconds and then measured. |
|
ALH- |
111 |
000 |
000 |
Demagnetized same sample sand |
|
RO- |
000 |
000 |
000 |
re-measured. |
|
TAP- |
000 |
000 |
000 | |
In summary of our 8 
8
projection (Figure 2): a. Alhambra Purified Water gave the strongest set of
stored fields. b. Greatest effect is with UV c. There was very little difference
between RO and tap water.
Figure 2. OM-5 readings 8 to 8
projection.
When projecting from a 8-sided to a 13-sided crystal in the industrial unit, it was observed that there was a further shift away from the baseline and that, surprisingly, Red (F) did not suppress as it did in the other two sets of runs (Figure 3).
Figure 3. OM-5 readings 8 to 13
projection
Figure 3.
The dotted lines represent areas that we did not run as we ran out of Alhambra water. The highest reading took place through the projection of purple # 48 (P) to the water. Readings were high on all three samples.
Microspectrophotometry of the Water Samples
A Zonax attachment to the Zeiss Ultraphot IIIB Microscope gave the ability to make transmission spectrophotometric readings of the water samples. A typical reading can be found in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Typical spectroscopic
reading Reverse Osmosis, yellow #12, OM-5 projected water sample
From all the readings run on the samples, we took the following areas of the spectra and plotted the changes we have noticed in the samples. At all times we compared in the same graph the three samples of water - Alhambra Purified water, reverse osmosis water and tap water. The wavelengths selected for evaluation were:
440 510 610 690 (in nanometers)
and the transmittance plotted as a function of: a) change after colour transmission and b) charge or no charge to crystal.
Figure 5. Transmittance values
obtained with 6-sided crystal
The graph in Figure 5 gives the transmittance values for the four wavelengths as obtained with a 6-sided crystal. Note that tap water and the RO water match. The Alhambra water is different. These graphs set the standard for comparison to all subsequent work with the 6-sided crystal.
Figure 6. Transmittance values
obtained with 8-sided crystal
In Figure 6, transmittance values were obtained with a 8-sided crystal. Here we find a very close matching of the three samples with a deviation at 690 nm. This deviation was the same with the 6-sided crystal, with a reversal absorbency at 690 nm for the Alhambra water. This is the standard of comparison for the 8-sided crystal.
With the application of a 13-sided crystal, we find a similar pattern, with the Alhambra water showing the highest value. The feeling is that this change results from the bottled water picking up a charge as we progressed in our experimentation. This is also true of the RO water which was in a container.
The Omega 5 readings on the control waters were:
|
A | ||||
| |
ALH- |
111 |
000 |
000 |
| |
RO- |
000 |
000 |
000 |
| |
TAP- |
000 |
000 |
000 |
|
A- 8-sided samples - | ||||
| |
ALH- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
| |
RO- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
| |
TAP- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
|
A- 13-sided samples | ||||
| |
ALH - |
454 |
4.54 |
x 10 |
| |
RO- |
454 |
111 |
111 |
| |
TAP- |
454 |
000 |
000 |
Notice the large variation in the field in the in the control water to start. This was not known at the start of the experiment as these readings were all done one week after the series were run in the laboratory. This can help to account for the variation of the samples at the start of the experiment. As Fred Allan Wolf speaks about the Quantum Effect between humans and matter, so too we are seeing this Quantum Effect between matter itself.
Spinning of Water Around The Crystal
This set of results is a control for the broadcast of colours each of the crystals. What was done here was to spin 1000 cc of each of the waters around the 6, 8 and 13-sided crystals. Each of these crystals was cleared of any charge, as far as we knew at that time. In these graphs, we summarize the effect of the 6, 8 and 13-sided crystals.
In the Alhambra Purified Water - B. the greatest deviation noted was with 6-sided crystal. As we progressed to the 8 and 13-sided crystals, there seemed to be an imprinting in the equipment from the first run. The same thing occurs with reverse osmosis water - B. that is, a shift from 6 to 8 and 13-sided crystals. There is a greater variation between the three waters at 690 nm.
With tap water, the same effect occurs. The dates of each sample run are noted.
Figure 7. Transmittance values
obtained with 13-sided crystal
Figure 8. Effect of spinning 1000 cc
of water around 6-. 3- and 13-sided crystals
Figure 9. Imprinting in the
equipment from first spinning "run" with reverse osmosis water
Figure 10. Imprinting in the
equipment from first spinning "run" with tap water
Projecting colours
We next went to projecting colours from a remote unit, the Omega 5, through to a 6 and 8-sided crystal. These crystals were charged beforehand. We then transmitted red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and ultraviolet. Between each run, the Omega 5 was turned "off" and a blank run was made.
The 6 
6 results on Alhambra
Purified water show that, when compared to the B control, the red (F) stands out
and the purple (P) and the yellow (J) stand out. These show the greatest
deviation from the normal.
The 8 
8 results on Alhambra
Purified water indicate a significant drop in transmittance throughout the
visible spectra of all samples compared to the standard Alhambra curve. We feel
that this is an indication of a change in state in the water. With this
phenomenon appearing in 6 separate samples, this could not be due to chance nor
an accidental event. Red and orange showed the greatest deviation while green
was the lowest. When compared to the 6 
6, the
same difference was noted.
The 8 
13 series indicates
transmission values normalizing around the standard. The projection of blue (M)
and red (F) have increased absorbency, whereas yellow (J) shows a lowering of
value.
In summary, in treating Alhambra water with projected colours
through an 8-sided crystal, the most significant result was with the 8 
8 projection giving an overall lowering of the absorbance
of the water. This meant that the sample became denser when compared to the
other samples.
Colour treatment with Reverse Osmosis and tap waters
For the 6 
6 cycle, when
compared to the standard, all of the samples had lower absorbance than the
standard run except for orange (H). The major deviation lower was purple (P).
For the 8 
8 run, a significant drop in
absorbance in all the values of transmission from red to purple. This was very
similar to the 8 
8 run with Alhambra water. In
the 8 13, we are back to the same values as
with the standard, as with the Alhambra water.
The 6 
6 colour treatment with
tap water indicates very little difference. noticed against standard. Purple (P)
is the only run which stands out in a lower value. For the 8 
8, all values were significantly lower in absorbance than
the standard. This corresponded with the other two samples. This is consistent
all through the run. With 8 
13, we are back to
the same absorbance as with the previous waters. It is surprising to measure
such consistency.
Figure 11. Projecting colours from
OM-5 6 to 6 on Alhambra water
Figure 12. Projecting colours from
OM-5 8 to 8 on Alhambra water
Figure 13. Projecting colours from
OM-5 8 to 13 on Alhambra water
Figure 14. Projecting colours from
OM-5 6 to 6 on reverse osmosis water
Figure 15, 16, 17. Projecting from
OM-5: 8 to 8 and 8 to 13 (reverse osmosis water) and. 8 to 8 on tap water
Figure 18, 19. pH and conductivity
measurements on 8 to 8 "runs" with colour projections, with lab model (left) and
with industrial unit (right)
In summary, in projecting 8 
8
with the colours, there is a lowering of the absorbance in all three water
samples. This is not true in 6 
6 or the 8
13 projections. The major source of influence
here is the crystal geometry (8-sided double-terminated to 8-sided double
terminated crystal). There is a real communication link which we have measured
by spectrophotometry.
pH and Conductivity Measurements
We measured the pH, conductivity and surface tension of each of
the water samples which we prepared. In the 8 
8
colour run made with the small laboratory model projecting to an 8-sided
crystal, there were significant pH changes in the Alhambra water with no change
in the conductivity. There were large changes in conductivity in the tap and RO
waters with little change in pH. We cannot comment on this at present.
In the industrial unit colour runs, we see in the 8 
8 a repeat of the pH changes with the Alhambra water when
projecting red (pH 6.0) and orange (pH 8.3). These units were in separate rooms,
a good 15-20 feet (6 to 8 m) apart. These were equally dramatic events with the
tap water and reverse osmosis waters in their changes in conductivity with
projected colour. Analysis and understanding will come from further
experimentation.
Summary and Conclusions
1. Water can be modified in its conductivity and pH by spinning the fluid around a crystal tuned to a particular chromatic frequency.
2. This frequency can be transmitted from one location to another by using a matched pair of crystals.
3. Different groups of crystals produce significant variation in the characteristics of the water treated by them.
4. The fields that are stored in the water by crystals can be detected by Radionic type measurements.
5. These fields have a magnetic characteristic and can be erased by an AC bulk eraser.
6. The fields stored in water by crystals and colour are capable of doing useful work in purifying water and enhancing the flavour of wines, beverages and foodstuffs.
7. The fields that are created in the water are a permanent part of the system, unless deliberately erased.
8. Water may be boiled and not lose this charge.
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