Annex 3.7

TABLES ON STORAGE OF PADDY AND MILLED RICE

Table 3.7.1. Storage of paddy and milled rice.

Method of storage	Purpose	Advantage	Disadvantage	Comments
Household level Bulk dried paddy in bamboo, wooden or metal bin with or without aeration and pest control measures	Safekeeping, food security, protection from pests and weather	Cheap; suitable for small-sized requirements	Protection against pests is usually inadequate	In Indian sub-continent neem leaves are usually used to ward off insect pests; moisture content must be 14% or below for the humid tropics
Dried paddy in jute or propylene sacks stacked inside house or in separate granary	Food security and protection from pests	Low cost; flexible system	Theft; jute sacks vulnerable to pests	Traditional; granary posts are wrapped with GI sheets or cones for rodent control
Field-dried paddy on straw stacked in house yard	Safekeeping; in some places, as a status symbol	No structures needed	Vulnerable to pest attacks; fire hazard	Traditional practice; moisture content must be 14% or below for humid tropics
Commercial level Small-scale rice mills: dried paddy in jute or propylene sacks of 50- to 100-kg capacities stockpiled in rice mill building or separate warehouse	Protection against pests; flexibility in handling of various varieties procured from farmers	Economy of scale; can standardize product	May be under or over-capacity; must have drying facilities during rainy season; capital -intensive	Moisture content must be 14% or below for the humid tropics
Large-scale rice mills Dried paddy in bulk pile on vented floor for aeration; dried paddy in sacks stockpiled in warehouse; metal or concrete silo with aeration and automated loading and unloading devices	Protection against pests; economy of scale; maintaining country's rice buffer stock and price stability	Good quality control and protection against pests; economy opf scale	Capital-intensive; suitable for large-scale rice production such as in rice-exporting or densely populated countries	Common in rice-exporting countries; moisture content must be 14% or below for the humid tropics

Table 3.7.1. Storage of paddy and milled rice (continued).

Type of storage	Period of storage	Purpose of storage	Condition of product	Maintenance of stored product	Comments
Small bulk in wooden, bamboo, metal or plastic boxes, cabinets or bins; in jute or propylene sacks	3 to 4 months or until next harvest of paddy	Own consumption; food security; cash conversion in case of need or emergency	Usually sun dried; moisture content usually determined by feel of farmer	Containers are vented but screened ; protected from rain; in India and Pakistan, neem leaves are sometimes used to ward off insect pests	Short-term storage
Same storage for rice as in above	Up to one month	For household consumption	14% moisture content or lower	Vents for aeration and covered for protection against insects and rodents	Short-term storage as quality deteriorates fast if milling has not been good or moisture content is high
Bulk or sack storage of paddy in large rice mills or commercial warehouses	For wholesale distribution; buffer stock for food security and rice price stabilization in case o0f government grain supply agency	3 to 4 months buffer stock by government ; indefinite period or until supply lasts and fresh stocks are procured in the case of private rice mills	Well-milled and dried	Sacks or bags stacked in sandwiched, window or block arrangement in warehouse to achieve optimum aeration of paddy or rice	The Indian Grain Storage Institute experimented on low-cost dehumidifiers using silica gel as medium of absorption and achieved a 10% reduction of relative humidity after 12 hours
Bulk storage in metal or concrete silos by large-scale commercial and government food grain agency	Food security; buffer stock in the case of government grain agency ; wholesale distribution in the case of privately owned rice mills	3 to 4 months or until next harvest of rice crop	14% moisture content or lower	Aeration; chemical and physical protection against pests; fast turn-over of stocks; professional or skilled warehouse management	Common in government grain agency mills or warehouses or in rice-exporting countries

Table 3.7.2. Storage structures used for paddy.

Description	Stored product maintenance	Expected losses and causes	User	Other information	Comments	References
Straw woven basket - built to different sizes; with or without mud/dung plaster, on ground or elevated. Elevated when outside with thatch or GI roof	None to simple maintenance	4-5% rodents, insects, moulds (moisture)	Farmer	Sometimes with rat protection on support	For short storage, susceptible to rodents, birds, insect infestation	33, 35, 72, 82, 83
Bamboo poles, woven basket or ma t - often plastered with mud-dung-straw. Elevated on platform with weather protection outside the house	None to simple maintenance	2-5%	Farmer	Sometimes with rat protection on support	For short storage, susceptible to rodents, birds, insect infestation	35, 41, 82
Wooden boxes - different sizes, kept indoor, elevated with thatch roof or GI roof when outside.	None to simple maintenance	2-5%	Farmer	Sometimes with rat protection on support	For short storage, susceptible to rodents, birds, insect infestation	33, 35, 82
Jute or propylene bags - piled with dunnage	Inspection and fumigation as needed	2-3%, rodents, insects, spillage, moisture	Farmer, coop, private and public	Bags reusable, hiding places of insects	Preferred for easy handling	29, 33, 82, 83

Table 3.7.2. Storage structures used for paddy (continued).

Description	Stored product maintenance	Expected losses and causes	User	Other information	Comments	References
Jars, pots, gourds and other small containers	None	Minimal loss; insects	Farmer	Used for seeds and immediate consumption	Short-term storage	35, 82
Bins made of brick or mud-dung-straw or husk mix, different shapes and sizes, usually top loading and unloading with weather protection when outside house	Inspection, temperature monitoring, drying and fumigation when needed	Insect, moisture, rats, birds, 2-6%	Farmer, cooperative, and public sectors	Different names in different countries	Protect grain from entry of rats, birds, insects and moisture by proper instruction	33, 35, 72, 82
Underground pits or silos with mud, bricks, stone or cement wall lined with water proofing asphalt	Inspection and insect control as needed	3.4% due to rodents, moulds and insects	Farmer, and public sectors	Used for long storage duration	-	41, 72, 82

Table 3.7.2. Storage structures used for paddy (continued).

Description	Stored product maintenance	Expected losses and causes	User	Other information	Comments	References
Empty oil drums, tin cans, GI bin containers and other small none traditional or metallic containers	Inspection	Minimal	Farmer			35, 82
Barns, flat houses, granaries, separate structures made from traditional materials as mud, dung, straw and non-traditional materials as steel, cement and GI sheets	Inspection, drying, fumigation as needed		Farmer; cooperative, private, public sectors	Structure used for on- or -off-farm storage bulk or bag		29, 33, 72, 83
Silos (large capacity) made from local materials (mud-dung/ straw) concrete, bricks or metallic materials coupled with loading and unloading equipment usually associated with drying and milling operations	Inspection, aeration, temperature monitoring, intermittent drying and insect control	1%	Cooperative, private and public sectors	Used for bulk storage only	Rarely used in tropics due to high humidity; proper aeration imperative to avoid high temperature/ humidity spots.	35, 41, 72, 82, 83